scholarly journals Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetana Schluter ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Pollen Release

Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.

The North American ginseng inflorescence: development, floret abscission zone, and the effect of ethylene

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1048-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E Fiebig ◽  
John TA Proctor ◽  
Usher Posluszny ◽  
Dennis P Murr
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Zone Formation ◽  
Zone Length ◽  
The North ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Industry Practice

Characterization of the North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) inflorescence, the floret abscission zone, and its stimulation by ethylene were undertaken to gain insights into the potential for floret abscission induction as a replacement for the industry practice of expensive manual removal of the inflorescence. In each of 3 years, peduncle length of 3-year-old cultivated ginseng inflorescences increased rapidly in June, reaching maximal values of 140–180 mm. During this period, seed head diameter also increased to about 35 mm, while seed head fresh mass increased in July and August to 6.5–8.0 g. Flowering in 1996 and 1997 began in the last 2 weeks of June and lasted through July, with open flowers never exceeding 35%. Anatomical studies and manual dissection of 1- and 3-year-old perennating buds revealed development of the floral primordia first at their periphery and progressing centripetally. Stamen initials were seen as a pentamerous whorl just under the petal primordia, and the characteristic inferior ovary initiated as a slight depression at the centre of the floral meristem. Sections through 3-year-old inflorescences harvested on May 23, 1996, showed that distal floral apices had already formed constriction zones between the flower and the pedicel, indicating the position of the abscission zone. Length of time to ethylene-induced abscission zone formation was less than 24 h in 3-year-old ginseng harvested on July 23, 1997. The abscission threshold for ginseng berry drop was in the range of 10-100 µL·L–1 ethylene.Key words: anatomy, flowering, Panax quinquefolius, perennating bud.

Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFa production by alveolar macrophages

Phytomedicine ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Assinewe ◽  
J.T. Arnason ◽  
A. Aubry ◽  
J. Mullin ◽  
I. Lemaire
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Ginseng Root

scholarly journals North American(Panax quinquefolius)and Asian Ginseng(Panax ginseng)Preparations for Prevention of the Common Cold in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Krebs Seida ◽  
Tamara Durec ◽  
Stefan Kuhle
Keyword(s):  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
North American ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Ginseng Extract

Background: Standardized ginseng extract has become the best-selling cold and flu remedy in Canada, yet much controversy regarding the efficacy of ginseng in preventing common colds remains. Objective: To assess the efficacy of ginseng preparations for the prevention of common colds in healthy adults. Methods: Comprehensive bibliographic database, trial registry and grey literature searches were conducted up to December 2007. Randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials comparing North American (Panax quinquefolius) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) root extract to placebo or no treatment in healthy adults were included. Two reviewers independently applied the study selection criteria and assessed methodological quality. Results: Five trials involving 747 participants were included. All five trials examined North American ginseng. The methodological quality of the trials varied widely. Ginseng preparations significantly reduced the total number of common colds by 25% compared to placebo (one trial; 95% CI: 5–45). There was a tendency toward a lower incidence of having at least one common cold or other acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the ginseng group compared to the placebo group (five trials; relative risk: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.48–1.02). Compared to placebo, ginseng significantly shortened the duration of colds or ARIs by 6.2 days (two trials; 95% CI: 3.4–9.0). Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that ginseng reduces the incidence or severity of common colds. North American ginseng appears to be effective in shortening the duration of colds or ARIs in healthy adults when taken preventatively for durations of 8–16 weeks.

Preventive effects of North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius ) on Diabetic Retinopathy and Cardiomyopathy

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhrojit Sen ◽  
Shali Chen ◽  
Yuexiu Wu ◽  
Biao Feng ◽  
Edmund K Lui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Preventive Effects

scholarly journals Alcohol extract of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) reduces fatty liver, dyslipidemia, and other complications of metabolic syndrome in a mouse model

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1046-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratnesh K. Singh ◽  
Edmund Lui ◽  
David Wright ◽  
Adrian Taylor ◽  
Marica Bakovic
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipoprotein Secretion

We investigated whether North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) could reduce development of the metabolic syndrome phenotype in a mouse model (ETKO) of the disease. Young ETKO mice have no disease but similar to humans start to develop the fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and insulin resistance at 25–30 weeks of age, and the disease continues to progress with ageing. ETKO mice were orally given an ethanol extract of ginseng roots at 4 and 32 weeks of age. Treatments with ginseng eliminated the ETKO fatty liver, reduced hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein secretion, and reduced the level of circulating lipids. Improvements by ginseng treatments were manifested as a reduction in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of fatty acid and triglyceride (fat) synthesis and secretion by the lipoproteins on one hand, and the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride degradation by lipolysis on the other hand. These processes altogether improved glucose, fatty acid, and triglyceride metabolism, reduced liver fat load, and reversed the progression of metabolic syndrome. These data confirm that treatments with North American ginseng could alleviate metabolic syndrome through the maintenance of a better balance between glucose and fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein secretion, and energy homeostasis in disease-prone states.

The complete chloroplast genome of North American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 3496-3497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng-jie Han ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Li-zhi Gao
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Complete Chloroplast Genome

scholarly journals An acidic polysaccharide (AGC3) isolated from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) suspension culture as a potential immunomodulatory nutraceutical

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajarshi Ghosh ◽  
Daniel L. Bryant ◽  
Brock A. Arivett ◽  
Shannon A. Smith ◽  
Elliot Altman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Culture ◽  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide

Phenological growth stages of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2003 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J T A PROCTOR ◽  
M DORAIS ◽  
H BLEIHOLDER ◽  
A WILLIS ◽  
H HACK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Growth Stages
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