cDNA primers for quantitative analysis of protective compounds implicated in beech bark disease resistance in American beech, Fagus grandifolia

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Seitler ◽  
Natalie Coe
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and Propagation of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) by Grafting

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ramirez ◽  
J. Loo ◽  
M. J. Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Insect Colonies ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga

Abstract Scions collected from diseased trees and from those without symptoms of beech bark disease (BBD) were cleft-grafted in 2003 and 2004 onto rootstock of unknown resistance to BBD. Grafting success varied among genotypes and year (30% in 2003 and 12% in 2004), and improved with increasing rootstock diameter. Successful grafts were used to test resistance to the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga (the initiating agent of BBD) by introducing eggs onto the bark of scions and allowing time for the emergence of all developmental stages of the insects. Significantly fewer insects colonized scions collected from putatively resistant trees than those collected from diseased trees. In some cases, where egg placement overlapped a portion of the rootstock, insect colonies developed on the rootstock but not on the scion collected from resistant trees. Occasionally, scions from putatively resistant trees were colonized, whereas some of those from diseased trees were not. When scions from putatively resistant trees were heavily colonized, only adult insects were present and no eggs or other life stages of the insect were found. The findings indicate that the extent of resistance to the scale insect (hence to BBD) ranges from partial to total resistance.

Assessment of beech scale resistance in full- and half-sibling American beech families

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Koch ◽  
David W. Carey ◽  
Mary E. Mason ◽  
C. Dana Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Artificial Regeneration ◽  
Nonnormal Distributions ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Artificial Infestation ◽  
Beech Tree ◽  
Sib Families

A beech bark disease infested American beech tree ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and two uninfested trees were selected in a mature natural stand in Michigan, USA, and mated to form two full-sib families for evaluating the inheritance of resistance to beech scale ( Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.), the insect element of beech bark disease. Four half-sib families from both infested and uninfested trees were also evaluated for resistance. Using an artificial infestation technique, adult and egg count data were collected over 2 years and analyzed with generalized linear mixed methods to account for nonnormal distributions of the response variables. A significant effect for family was found for each variable. Family least squares means were computed as a measure of resistance and repeatabilities were calculated to provide an upper limit estimate of broad-sense heritability. The two families that ranked highest for resistance were the full-sib family from two uninfested parents and the half-sib family from a stand where all diseased trees had been removed. Together, the results suggest that selection and breeding may be an effective means to improve populations for artificial regeneration, and silvicultural treatments may provide an effective management option for mitigating beech bark disease through managing the genetic composition of natural regeneration.

scholarly journals Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Ecological Characteristics of American Beech, Striped Maple, and Hobblebush

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Nyland ◽  
Amy L. Bashant ◽  
Kimberly K. Bohn ◽  
Jane M. Verostek
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
A Site ◽  
Palatable Species

Abstract Several woody species may inhibit regeneration of desirable northern hardwoods. This includes a dense understory of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that commonly occurs in stands infected with beech bark disease. Root injuries during logging and by natural causes alsopromote new suckers that, along with some stump sprouts, often maintain or increase the abundance of beech saplings. Additionally, browsing deer primarily bypass beech in favor of more palatable species. Where any of these factors has resulted in a dense understory of small beech, overstorycutting will promote its development, increase ground-level shading, and lead to a site conversion to beech. Similarly, striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.) often interferes with hardwood regeneration after overstory cutting. This species persists in heavy shade, grows rapidly afterrelease, and produces abundant seed. When dense, striped maple may interfere with the regeneration of other species. Hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.), a shrub, reproduces by rhizomes to form thickets when damaged during overstory cutting. Heavy shade by these thickets may preventregeneration of trees. This review summarizes characteristics of these three species with respect to their interference with desirable hardwoods in northeastern North America. It highlights the limited information about striped maple and hobblebush, and the abundance of sources that deal withAmerican beech.

scholarly journals Distribution of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) and Beech Scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) in Michigan from 2005 to 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Wieferich ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Daniel B. Hayes ◽  
Nancy J. Schwalm
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Invasive Insect ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga ◽  
Lower Peninsula

Abstract Beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) (Hemiptera; Coccidae), an invasive insect associated with beech bark disease, was discovered in 2000 in a localized area of northwest Lower Michigan and one area in the eastern Upper Peninsula. From 2005 to 2009, we surveyed 809 sites in 73 Michigan counties to determine whether American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were present and, if so, whether trees had been colonized by beech scale. Beech trees were present in 696 sites in forest, recreation, and residential areas. By 2009, beech scale had infested beech trees in 8 of 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula, 14 of 68 counties in the Lower Peninsula, one of three islands in Lake Michigan, and all three sampled islands in Lake Huron. Colonization of islands more than 20 km from infestations on the mainland suggest that beech scale was likely introduced by humans or birds. Rates of expansion of 12 discrete beech scale populations varied from 3.3 to 14.3 km per year.

Bark phenolics of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in relation to the beech bark disease

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Ostrofsky ◽  
W. C. Shortle ◽  
R. O. Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech

scholarly journals Managing Understory Fagus grandifolia for Promoting Beech Bark Disease Resistance in Northern Hardwood Stands

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-651
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Fajvan ◽  
Andrea Hille ◽  
Richard M Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Genetic Affinity ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Root Sucker

Abstract Many Allegheny hardwood stands contain dense understories of very shade-tolerant American beech, resulting from partial disturbances that have accelerated root sucker development. The low-shade produced by these sprouts hampers silvicultural regeneration efforts to maintain species diversity in new cohorts. An increasing proportion of sprouts result from stressed trees infested with beech bark disease. The clonal sprouts also have a genetic affinity for the disease. A mixture of Accord® and Oust® herbicides, applied to understory vegetation after shelterwood establishment cuts, can significantly reduce understory beech density. Yet, retention of some overstory beech, with demonstrated disease resistance, is ecologically desirable. The root sprouts from these parent trees should also have resistance to the disease. We used broadcast herbicide application to kill understory vegetation after shelterwood harvests in three stands, and tested the effect of herbicide on beech sprouts associated with resistant trees. Eight years after treatment, plots that had received herbicide had similar densities of beech to no-herbicide plots. However, there were significant differences in seedling densities among stands (P = .0303) and species (P = .0014). Our results indicate that there is much temporal variability in regeneration dynamics after treatment. Resistant beech sprouts are still competitive in the long term, even after herbicide application.

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