scholarly journals Managing Understory Fagus grandifolia for Promoting Beech Bark Disease Resistance in Northern Hardwood Stands

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-651
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Fajvan ◽  
Andrea Hille ◽  
Richard M Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Genetic Affinity ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Root Sucker

Abstract Many Allegheny hardwood stands contain dense understories of very shade-tolerant American beech, resulting from partial disturbances that have accelerated root sucker development. The low-shade produced by these sprouts hampers silvicultural regeneration efforts to maintain species diversity in new cohorts. An increasing proportion of sprouts result from stressed trees infested with beech bark disease. The clonal sprouts also have a genetic affinity for the disease. A mixture of Accord® and Oust® herbicides, applied to understory vegetation after shelterwood establishment cuts, can significantly reduce understory beech density. Yet, retention of some overstory beech, with demonstrated disease resistance, is ecologically desirable. The root sprouts from these parent trees should also have resistance to the disease. We used broadcast herbicide application to kill understory vegetation after shelterwood harvests in three stands, and tested the effect of herbicide on beech sprouts associated with resistant trees. Eight years after treatment, plots that had received herbicide had similar densities of beech to no-herbicide plots. However, there were significant differences in seedling densities among stands (P = .0303) and species (P = .0014). Our results indicate that there is much temporal variability in regeneration dynamics after treatment. Resistant beech sprouts are still competitive in the long term, even after herbicide application.

Long-term impact of liming on growth and vigor of northern hardwoods

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1295-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Stephen B. Horsley ◽  
Thomas J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Crown Health ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Species Specific

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is a keystone species in the northern hardwood forest, and decline episodes have negatively affected the growth and health of sugar maple in portions of its range over the past 50+ years. Crown health, growth, survival, and flower and seed production of sugar maple were negatively affected by a widespread decline event in the mid-1980s on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in northern Pennsylvania. A long-term liming study was initiated in 1985 to evaluate responses to a one-time application of 22.4 Mg·ha–1 of dolomitic limestone in four northern hardwood stands. Over the 23-year period ending in 2008, sugar maple basal area increment (BAINC) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in limed plots from 1995 through 2008, whereas American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) BAINC was unaffected. For black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), the third principal overstory species, BAINC and survival were reduced in limed plots compared with unlimed plots. Foliar Ca and Mg remained significantly higher in sugar maple foliage sampled 21 years after lime application, showing persistence of the lime effect. These results show long-term species-specific responses to lime application.

Variations in beech bark disease and its effects on species composition and structure of northern hardwood stands in central New England

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Twery ◽  
William A. Patterson III
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
New England ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Understory Composition ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest ◽  
Compositional Changes

The extent of beech bark disease was examined on 41 permanent inventory plots in western Massachusetts and on 25 plots in Bartlett Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. The amounts of disease-caused mortality and defect were correlated to differences in species composition and 12 other site variables. Stands dominated by hemlock had significantly more beech mortality than other stands. Importance of both beech and yellow birch decreased on plots with beech bark disease mortality. Hemlock benefited most from the loss of beech. Beech bark disease has not noticeably changed understory composition on these plots. In the long term, beech bark disease appears to have caused minor compositional changes on most of the areas studied.

scholarly journals Origin of Small Understory Beech in New York Northern Hardwood Stands

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Root Sucker ◽  
Root Suckers

Abstract I sampled understory beech with heights that were 4 ft tall or less to determine their origin in 22 northern hardwood stands in New York. The proportion of seedling-origin beech ranged from 5 to 75% across sites. However, in 20 stands, the majority of beech (58–91%) with heights of 2–4 ft tall had a root sucker origin. Coupled with other information from published sources, findings suggest four possibilities about beech regeneration: (1) seed production and/or early seedling survival may have a clonal linkage, with some genotypes producing little viable seed, or with few seedlings surviving after germination; (2) a prevalence of root suckers among the taller understory beech suggests their higher potential for long-term survival and development and limited shifts in the genetic makeup of that species within a stand; (3) at some level of stocking, taller understory beech root suckers may interfere with survival and development of seedling regeneration; and (4) because the taller understory beech has a root sucker origin at most sites, root suckers may just develop more rapidly than seedlings.

A modelling approach to assess the long-term impact of beech bark disease in northern hardwood forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2416-2425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Le Guerrier ◽  
Danielle J Marceau ◽  
André Bouchard ◽  
Jacques Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Succession ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Succession Model ◽  
Modelling Approach

This study proposes a modelling approach to assess the effect of beech bark disease on species demographic dynamics and structure of stands using SORTIE, a spatially explicit and individual-based forest succession model. The original model was modified to account for the increased mortality rate of infected Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) and for some resistance to the disease. Two different scenarios, modeling species behaviour with and without the disease, respectively, were compared over a period of 300 years. Results reveal significant differences in species global demographic dynamics between both scenarios. Analyses of tree diameter-class distribution indicate that 50 years after the infestation, large F. grandifolia trees disappear, while the number of trees with a DBH between 11 and 50 cm considerably increases. At 300 years, the density of F. grandifolia with a DBH greater than 30 cm in the diseased scenario is superior or close to that in the nondiseased scenario, suggesting a progressive reestablishment of the species population structure. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) is the species that largely benefits from beech bark disease. The study demonstrates the potential of a modelling approach to acquire quantitative insights about the long-term ecological impact of the disease.

The contribution of beech bark disease-induced mortality to coarse woody debris loads in northern hardwood stands of Adirondack Park, New York, U.S.A.

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1453-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory G McGee
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Live Tree

The objective of this study was to adjust previously published estimates of coarse woody debris (CWD) volume and basal areas in northern hardwood forests to account for elevated CWD inputs due to beech bark disease (a disease complex of the scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger, and a fungus, Nectria spp., on American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Ratios of snags/live tree densities and downed CWD volume/live tree basal area were compared between beech and the codominant, shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). The differences between the beech and the sugar maple ratios were used to define the elevated mortality from beech bark disease. Estimated volumes of downed CWD (stumps [Formula: see text] 1.0 m tall and logs), adjusted for effects of beech bark disease, were 108 ± 18 and 48 ± 11 m3·ha-1in old-growth and even-aged, 90- to 100-year-old maturing stands, respectively, representing reductions of 22 and 21%, respectively, compared with observed volumes. Similarly, snag densities were adjusted from 59.7 ± 21.7 to 41.1 ± 26.3 per hectare in the old-growth stands and from 96.3 ± 48.0 to 87.3 ± 46.5 per hectare in the maturing stands. Snag basal areas were reduced 21 and 17% from their observed values to 6.8 ± 3.5 and 3.5 ± 0.6 m2·ha-1in the old-growth and maturing stands, respectively. The adjusted CWD estimates presented here are more historically accurate and ecologically meaningful than previous observations made in diseased northern hardwood forests and, therefore, provide more appropriate target levels for managing CWD in these forest types.

THE INTEGRATED PEAR DONORS WITH MONOGENIC DETERMINED STUNT

1970 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Е. А. Dolmatov ◽  
Т. А. Khrykina
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Fungal Disease Resistance ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Red Coloration

Development of low-growing varieties is one of the prioritized directions in groups selection. Solution of excessive growth in the selection can be solved in today’s conditions by two means: on a polygenic and on a monogenic level. Up until recently such work was performed by research institutes of horticulture in the U.S.S.R. and Russian Federation only on the polygenic level. The analysis is performed for the data of 17 summer studies on the development of complex donors of monogenic determined dwarfness (gene D), high winter hardiness, group fungal disease resistance (scab, leaf spot and Septoria blight) and bright red coloration of pear fruits (gene C). On the first stage of these studies the issue of the development of population of hybrid dwarf types with high adaptive potential in the conditions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia was solved based on a hybridization of the donors of high winter hardiness and fungal disease resistance with the donors of monogenic determined dwarfness which were the descendants of 4th generation of the NainVert variety. As a result, several complex donors were selected. Its use in long-term pear selection programs would make sorting process possible on earlier stages of the ontogenesis and thanks to that would make it possible to halve the size of hybrid funds. Brief description of the complex donors is given.

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