A Study of Silica Reinforced Rubber Composites with Eco-Friendly Processing Aids for Pneumatic Tires

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 850-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongju Lee ◽  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Processing Aids ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

scholarly journals Influence of Eco-Friendly Processing Aids on Silica-Based Rubber Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7244
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

As eco-friendly “green tires” are being developed in the tire industry, conventionally used carbon black is being replaced with silica in rubber compounds. Generally, as a lubricant and dispersing agent, processing aids containing zinc ions have been employed as additives. However, as zinc is a heavy metal, alternative eco-friendly processing aids are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. Furthermore, non-toxic, degradable, and renewable processing aids are required to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber composites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of diverse silica-based processing aids containing hydrocarbon, benzene, and hydroxyl functional groups on the mechanical properties of rubber composites. Among them, rubber composites that used amphiphilic terpene phenol resin (TPR) with hydrophilic silica showed compatibility with the hydrophobic rubber matrix and were revealed to improve the mechanical and fatigue properties. Furthermore, owing to the enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix, the TPR/styrene butadiene rubber composites exhibited enhanced wet grip and rolling resistance. These results indicated that TPR had multifunctional effects at low levels and has the potential for use as a processing aid in silica-based rubber composites in tire engineering applications.

scholarly journals Application of Different Vegetable Oils as Processing Aids in Industrial Rubber Composites: A Sustainable Approach

ACS Omega ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Nutthapong Poompiew ◽  
Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte ◽  
Pranut Potiyaraj
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Industrial Rubber ◽  
Processing Aids

scholarly journals Effects of Zinc-Free Processing Aids on Silica-Reinforced Tread Compounds for Green Tires

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nam Chul Kim ◽  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Processing Aids

With the development of “green tires” in the tire industry, the conventional carbon black filler that is used in tread formulations is being replaced with silica. Generally, this requires the addition of a processing aid, containing zinc ion, which acts as a lubricant and dispersing agent. However, because zinc is a heavy metal, zinc-free processing aids (ZFAs) are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. We present herein a series of catalytically synthesized ZFAs and evaluate the effects of replacing zinc ion-containing processing aids (ZCAs) on a silica tread formulation. Interestingly, replacing ZCA with ZFA in a two parts per hundred rubber (phr) by weight formulation improved both its tensile strength and elongation by as much as 31% and 20%, respectively. ZFA-rubber formulations also exhibited a twofold enhancement in fatigue properties over those of ZCA-rubber formulations. Furthermore, pneumatic tires were fabricated from our ZFA-rubber formulation and compared against tires containing ZCAs. The ZFA-rubber composite exhibited improved dry and wet braking and rolling resistance due to enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with ZFAs may be promising in tire engineering applications.

Characterization of eco-friendly processing aids for styrene butadiene rubber composites with silica

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 3405-3413
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

With the development of environmentally friendly “green tires” in the tire industry, silica has been used as a reinforcing filler material in tread compounds. With regard to this rubber compounding process, non-toxic, and renewable processing aids are required. We fabricated such processing aids with multi-alcohol components of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups (M-A-S) to make the hydrophilic silica compatible with the hydrophobic rubber matrix. The rubber composites with M-A-S showed remarkable enhancements in the mechanical properties, specifically the tensile strength, elongation and fatigue properties due to the improved dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix. They also exhibited outstanding heat build-up, good rebound resilience, and abrasion levels at low loadings. Furthermore, M-A-S were added directly to tread compounds to make a pneumatic tire with enhanced high-speed durability and enhanced dry and wet braking due to the strong interfacial interaction between the silica and the rubber matrix. These results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed potential replacement for metal-ion processing aids for tire engineering.

Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composites

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kumar ◽  
C. W. Bert
Keyword(s):  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Data

Abstract Unidirectional cord-rubber specimens in the form of tensile coupons and sandwich beams were used. Using specimens with the cords oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the loading direction and appropriate data reduction, we were able to obtain complete characterization for the in-plane stress-strain response of single-ply, unidirectional cord-rubber composites. All strains were measured by means of liquid mercury strain gages, for which the nonlinear strain response characteristic was obtained by calibration. Stress-strain data were obtained for the cases of both cord tension and cord compression. Materials investigated were aramid-rubber, polyester-rubber, and steel-rubber.

Fatigue of Unidirectional Cord-Rubber Composites

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
Z. Wan ◽  
Z. Tian ◽  
X. Du ◽  
J. Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Accumulation ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Periodic Loading ◽  
Fatigue Damage Accumulation ◽  
Rubber Composite

Abstract A fatigue testing system is established with which the real-time recording of stress, strain, temperature, and hysteresis loss of rubbers or cord-rubber composite specimens subjected to periodic loading or extension can be successfully carried out. Several problems are connected with the experimental study of the fatigue of rubber composites. In constant extension cycling, the specimen becomes relaxed because of the viscoelasticity of rubber composites, and the imposed tension-tension deformation becomes complex. In this method, the specimen is unlikely to fail unless the imposed extensions are very large. Constant load cycling can avoid the shortcomings of constant extension cycling. The specially designed clamps ensure that the specimen does not slip when the load retains a constant value. The Deformation and fatigue damage accumulation processes of rubber composites under periodic loading are also examined. Obviously, the effect of cycle frequency on the fatigue life of rubber composites can not be ignored because of the viscoelasticity of constituent materials. The increase of specimen surface temperature is relatively small in the case of 1 Hz, but the temperature can easily reach 100°C at the 8 Hz frequency. A method for evaluating the fatigue behavior of tires is proposed.

A New Tire Model to Predict Vibration Emission of Counterbalance Trucks

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lemerle ◽  
P. Mistrot
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

Abstract Counterbalance trucks are machines in widespread use in every industrial sector. Unlike cars, they are not designed with suspension systems. Consequently, they are considered to be high vibrating vehicles. Nevertheless, like suspension seats, tires can be selected as suspension parts. This paper presents a new numerical model for the analysis of the vibratory behavior of counterbalance truck tires. This model was intended to be a part of a fork lift truck model, including axles, chassis, and cabin. All the results reported here show a close agreement between measurements and numerical simulations. Thus, it can predict the vibration emission values at the driving position and is used to compare the efficiency of solid tires with pneumatic tires in terms of transmitted vibration levels.

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