scholarly journals Effects of Zinc-Free Processing Aids on Silica-Reinforced Tread Compounds for Green Tires

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nam Chul Kim ◽  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Processing Aids

With the development of “green tires” in the tire industry, the conventional carbon black filler that is used in tread formulations is being replaced with silica. Generally, this requires the addition of a processing aid, containing zinc ion, which acts as a lubricant and dispersing agent. However, because zinc is a heavy metal, zinc-free processing aids (ZFAs) are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. We present herein a series of catalytically synthesized ZFAs and evaluate the effects of replacing zinc ion-containing processing aids (ZCAs) on a silica tread formulation. Interestingly, replacing ZCA with ZFA in a two parts per hundred rubber (phr) by weight formulation improved both its tensile strength and elongation by as much as 31% and 20%, respectively. ZFA-rubber formulations also exhibited a twofold enhancement in fatigue properties over those of ZCA-rubber formulations. Furthermore, pneumatic tires were fabricated from our ZFA-rubber formulation and compared against tires containing ZCAs. The ZFA-rubber composite exhibited improved dry and wet braking and rolling resistance due to enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with ZFAs may be promising in tire engineering applications.

scholarly journals Influence of Eco-Friendly Processing Aids on Silica-Based Rubber Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7244
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

As eco-friendly “green tires” are being developed in the tire industry, conventionally used carbon black is being replaced with silica in rubber compounds. Generally, as a lubricant and dispersing agent, processing aids containing zinc ions have been employed as additives. However, as zinc is a heavy metal, alternative eco-friendly processing aids are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. Furthermore, non-toxic, degradable, and renewable processing aids are required to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber composites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of diverse silica-based processing aids containing hydrocarbon, benzene, and hydroxyl functional groups on the mechanical properties of rubber composites. Among them, rubber composites that used amphiphilic terpene phenol resin (TPR) with hydrophilic silica showed compatibility with the hydrophobic rubber matrix and were revealed to improve the mechanical and fatigue properties. Furthermore, owing to the enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix, the TPR/styrene butadiene rubber composites exhibited enhanced wet grip and rolling resistance. These results indicated that TPR had multifunctional effects at low levels and has the potential for use as a processing aid in silica-based rubber composites in tire engineering applications.

Characterization of eco-friendly processing aids for styrene butadiene rubber composites with silica

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 3405-3413
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

With the development of environmentally friendly “green tires” in the tire industry, silica has been used as a reinforcing filler material in tread compounds. With regard to this rubber compounding process, non-toxic, and renewable processing aids are required. We fabricated such processing aids with multi-alcohol components of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups (M-A-S) to make the hydrophilic silica compatible with the hydrophobic rubber matrix. The rubber composites with M-A-S showed remarkable enhancements in the mechanical properties, specifically the tensile strength, elongation and fatigue properties due to the improved dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix. They also exhibited outstanding heat build-up, good rebound resilience, and abrasion levels at low loadings. Furthermore, M-A-S were added directly to tread compounds to make a pneumatic tire with enhanced high-speed durability and enhanced dry and wet braking due to the strong interfacial interaction between the silica and the rubber matrix. These results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed potential replacement for metal-ion processing aids for tire engineering.

BETTER BALANCE OF SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUND PROPERTIES BY THE USE OF MONTMORILLONITE WITH OPTIMUM SURFACE MODIFIER CONTENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irfan Fathurrohman ◽  
Supagorn Rugmai ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Key Factor

ABSTRACT Reinforcement of silica in tire tread compounds is known to reduce hysteresis or energy loss, which leads to a production of energy-saving tires. Even though silica–silane technology has been well established, further development to enhance its performance is still needed. One of the approaches is to use hybrid or dual filler. The use of silica-organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) dual filler in the reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) truck tire tread compounds is investigated. The NR-MMT master batches were prepared by using the in situ organomodified and latex compounding method. Because the surface-modifying agent or surfactant is a key factor in determining the level of MMT dispersion in the rubber matrix, the effect of quaternary amine salt (Q) contents on mechanical and dynamic properties of NR tread compounds reinforced by silica-MMT was studied. The results revealed that MMT and Q can effectively reduce the filler–filler interaction and complex viscosity owing to a good dispersion of MMT and silica in the NR matrix and Q, which acts as a dispersing agent in addition to the silane coupling agent used in the compound, leading to improvement in tensile, abrasion resistance, and dynamic mechanical properties with an increasing amount of Q. Furthermore, at the optimum content of the surfactant used (36 wt%), the silica-MMT–reinforced NR exhibited improved tensile strength (+4%), wet grip, and rolling resistance, respectively, as indicated by loss tangent at 0 °C (+6%) and 60 °C (−15%), while maintaining a modulus at 300% strain and abrasion resistance as compared with the silica-NR reference compound. Such a dual-filler system demonstrates its potential use for tire treads with better performance.

Study on silica-based rubber composites with epoxidized natural rubber and solution styrene butadiene rubber

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112097139
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Polar Functional Groups ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Carbon black has been replaced with silica as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds. This change has led to lower rolling resistance and improved hysteretic losses of so-called “green tires.” However, the dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix is an important issue due to the poor compatibility of hydrophilic silica with a hydrophobic rubber matrix. Recently, some rubbers with polar functional groups that can interact with silica have been studied to improve the interaction in silica-filled rubber composites. In this work, we fabricated the silica-filled rubber composites with solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and evaluated their properties in a silica-containing rubber formulation compared to conventional SBR and NR. The silica-embedded polar rubber matrix exhibits remarkable enhancement in the modulus, tensile strength, and abrasion properties due to an efficient dispersion of the silica and improvement of interfacial interactions with the rubber matrix. The polar rubber composite exhibits an enhanced dry and wet braking and improved rolling resistance due to the improved dispersion of the silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with polar rubbers have great potential for tire engineering applications.

scholarly journals Surface Modification of Staple Carbon Fiber by Dopamine to Reinforce Natural Latex Composite

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Tian ◽  
Shuang Han ◽  
Qianxiao Zhuang ◽  
Huiguang Bian ◽  
Shaoming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Thermal And Electrical Properties ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Poor Adhesion

Carbon fiber significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of rubber composites, which are widely used in aerospace, military, national defense and other cutting-edge fields. The preparation of a high-performance carbon fiber rubber composite has been a research hotspot, because the surface of carbon fiber is smooth, reactive inert and has a poor adhesion with rubber. In this paper, a high-performance rubber composite is prepared by mixing dopamine-modified staple carbon fiber with natural latex, and the mechanisms of modified carbon fiber-reinforced natural latex composite are explored. The experimental results show that the surface-modified staple carbon fiber forms uniform and widely covered polydopamine coatings, which significantly improve the interface adhesion between the carbon fiber and the rubber matrix. Meanwhile, when the concentration of dopamine is 1.5 g/L and the staple carbon fiber is modified for 6h, the carbon fiber rubber composite shows excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dynamic mechanical properties, and its tensile strength is 10.6% higher than that of the unmodified sample.

Synthesis of Natural Composite of Natural Rubber Filling Chitosan Nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 821 ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thidarat Petchsoongsakul ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet ◽  
Surapich Loykulnant ◽  
Chaveewan Kongkaew ◽  
Paweena Prapainainar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticle ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Natural Composite

Mechanical properties of natural rubber composite were improved by adding chitosan nanoparticles in this work. The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The effect of chitosan nanoparticle content in natural rubber at 0, 3, 6 and 9 phr were studied. Size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles was 282 ± 96 nm. Natural rubber vulcanization was by electron irradiation at intensity 200 kGy. The morphology of composite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) were determined by tensile testing. The interaction of filler-rubber was illustrated by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that chitosan nanoparticles was well dispersed within natural rubber matrix. The optimum filler content was affected to mechanicals properties of natural rubber composites. The chitosan nanoparticles at 3 phr in natural rubber composites was found to have the highest mechanical properties. The dispersion and immobilization of chitosan nanoparticles at 3 phr was the best among all loading. In addition, 3 phr chitosan nanoparticles / natural rubber composite had filler-rubber higher interaction than those of other loading.

scholarly journals Carbon Black Replacement in Natural Rubber Composites Using Dry-Milled Calcium Carbonate, Soy Protein, and Biochar

Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Steven C. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Filler Materials ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Composite

Recent discoveries have shown that calcium carbonate and soy protein interactions can be used to reinforce rubber composites with improvements on the effective crosslink density and moduli. However, the method to incorporate the soy protein into the rubber matrix may be costly to scale up, since it involves microfluidization and drying steps prior to rubber compounding. In this work, a simpler process involving dry-milled calcium carbonate and soy protein was used to explore filler blends of calcium carbonate, soy protein, biochar, and carbon black. By blending these filler materials in various ratios, rubber composite samples with 40–50% of the carbon black replaced by sustainable alternatives were made. These composites had essentially the same tensile strength, with better toughness and elongation properties relative to the carbon black control. These composites would reduce dependence on petroleum and be more amenable to the rubber composite compounding infrastructure.

scholarly journals High Silica Content Graphene/Natural Rubber Composites Prepared by a Wet Compounding and Latex Mixing Process

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2549
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Kaiye Zhang ◽  
Guoxia Fei ◽  
Martina Salzano de Luna ◽  
Marino Lavorgna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Tan Δ

The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified natural rubber composite (NR) filled with high contents of silica was prepared by a wet compounding and latex mixing process using a novel interface modifier cystamine dihydrochloride (CDHC) with coagulation ability. CDHC acts as a coagulation agent through electrostatic interaction with rGO, SiO2, and latex rubber particles during the latex-based preparation process, while in the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composites, CDHC acts as an interface modifier. Compared with the composites prepared by the conventional mechanical mixing method, the dispersion of both rGO and SiO2 in the composites made by a wet compounding and latex mixing process is improved. As a result, the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composite prepared by this new method has good comprehensive properties. A Dynamic Mechanical Test suggests that the tan δ values of the composites at 60 °C decrease, indicating a low rolling resistance with increasing the graphene content at a low strain, but it increases at a higher strain. This unique feature for this material provides an advantage in the rubber tire application.

Fatigue of Unidirectional Cord-Rubber Composites

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
Z. Wan ◽  
Z. Tian ◽  
X. Du ◽  
J. Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Accumulation ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Periodic Loading ◽  
Fatigue Damage Accumulation ◽  
Rubber Composite

Abstract A fatigue testing system is established with which the real-time recording of stress, strain, temperature, and hysteresis loss of rubbers or cord-rubber composite specimens subjected to periodic loading or extension can be successfully carried out. Several problems are connected with the experimental study of the fatigue of rubber composites. In constant extension cycling, the specimen becomes relaxed because of the viscoelasticity of rubber composites, and the imposed tension-tension deformation becomes complex. In this method, the specimen is unlikely to fail unless the imposed extensions are very large. Constant load cycling can avoid the shortcomings of constant extension cycling. The specially designed clamps ensure that the specimen does not slip when the load retains a constant value. The Deformation and fatigue damage accumulation processes of rubber composites under periodic loading are also examined. Obviously, the effect of cycle frequency on the fatigue life of rubber composites can not be ignored because of the viscoelasticity of constituent materials. The increase of specimen surface temperature is relatively small in the case of 1 Hz, but the temperature can easily reach 100°C at the 8 Hz frequency. A method for evaluating the fatigue behavior of tires is proposed.

scholarly journals Common Origin of Filler Network Related Contributions to Reinforcement and Dissipation in Rubber Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Sriharish Malebennur Nagaraja ◽  
Sven Henning ◽  
Sybill Ilisch ◽  
Mario Beiner
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
General Perspective ◽  
Rubber Filler

A comparative study focusing on the visco–elastic properties of two series of carbon black filled composites with natural rubber (NR) and its blends with butadiene rubber (NR-BR) as matrices is reported. Strain sweeps at different temperatures are performed. Filler network-related contributions to reinforcement (ΔG′) are quantified by the classical Kraus equation while a modified Kraus equation is used to quantify different contributions to dissipation (ΔGD″, ΔGF″). Results indicate that the filler network is visco-elastic in nature and that it is causing a major part of the composite dissipation at small and intermediate strain amplitudes. The temperature dependence of filler network-related reinforcement and dissipation contributions is found to depend significantly on the rubber matrix composition. We propose that this is due to differences in the chemical composition of the glassy rubber bridges connecting filler particles since the filler network topology is seemingly not significantly influenced by the rubber matrix for a given filler content. The underlying physical picture explains effects in both dissipation and reinforcement. It predicts that these glassy rubber bridges will soften sequentially at temperatures much higher than the bulk Tg of the corresponding rubber. This is hypothetically due to rubber–filler interactions at interfaces resulting in an increased packing density in the glassy rubber related to the reduction of free volume. From a general perspective, this study provides deeper insights towards the molecular origin of reinforcement and dissipation in rubber composites.

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