rubber matrix
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2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir A. Abdelsalam ◽  
Salwa H. El-Sabbagh ◽  
Wael S. Mohamed ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Lihua Wang ◽  
...  

Purpose This paper aims to study the effects of various compatibilisers (maleic anhydride (MAH), methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate emulsion lattice, and adhesion system (HRH)) on properties of carbon black (CB) filled with natural rubber (NR)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/ nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends). A series of NR/SBR/NBR blends at a 30/30/40 blend ratio reinforced with 45 phr of CB was prepared using the master-batch method. Design/methodology/approach The tensile properties such as the tensile strength, stress at 100, 200 and 300% elongations, and elongation at break (EB)% were studied. Additionally, the morphological properties of compatibilised and uncompatibilised composites were compared to determine the optimal compatibiliser content. Findings The influence of compatibilisers appeared on all the properties studied. The properties of the blends compatibilised with prepared emulsion are very distinct from those of blends compatibilised with MAH and adhesion systems. Research limitations/implications Interactions among the different components of blends at the interfaces have a high impact on the interfacial properties of the rubber blend. Practical implications Compatibilisers significantly improve the physicomechanical properties of the resulting composites with the loading of investigated compatibilisers because of the uniform dispersion of CB in the rubber matrix. Social implications Using blends in the rubber industry leads to high-efficiency production of low-cost products. Originality/value The rubber blending has a significant positive effect on a wide range of applications such as structural applications, aerospace, military, packaging, tires and biomedical. Hence, improving the compatibility of blends will make new materials suitable for new applications.


Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
Felix Lohse ◽  
Karl Kopelmann ◽  
Henriette Grellmann ◽  
Moniruddoza Ashir ◽  
Thomas Gereke ◽  
...  

Fiber-reinforced rubber composites with integrated shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator wires present a promising approach for the creation of soft and highly elastic structures with adaptive functionalities for usage in aerospace, robotic, or biomedical applications. In this work, the flat-knitting technology is used to develop glass-fiber-reinforced fabrics with tailored properties designed for active bending deformations. During the knitting process, the SMA wires are integrated into the textile and positioned with respect to their actuation task. Then, the fabrics are infiltrated with liquid silicone, thus creating actively deformable composites. For dimensioning such structures, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions of all components is required. Therefore, a simulation model is developed that captures the properties of the rubber matrix, fiber reinforcement, and the SMA actuators and that is capable of simulating the active bending deformations of the specimens. After model calibration with experimental four-point-bending data, the SMA-driven bending deformation is simulated. The model is validated with activation experiments of the actively deformable specimens. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental tests, thus enabling further investigations into the deformation mechanisms of actively deformable fiber-reinforced rubbers.


Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Steven C. Peterson

Recent discoveries have shown that calcium carbonate and soy protein interactions can be used to reinforce rubber composites with improvements on the effective crosslink density and moduli. However, the method to incorporate the soy protein into the rubber matrix may be costly to scale up, since it involves microfluidization and drying steps prior to rubber compounding. In this work, a simpler process involving dry-milled calcium carbonate and soy protein was used to explore filler blends of calcium carbonate, soy protein, biochar, and carbon black. By blending these filler materials in various ratios, rubber composite samples with 40–50% of the carbon black replaced by sustainable alternatives were made. These composites had essentially the same tensile strength, with better toughness and elongation properties relative to the carbon black control. These composites would reduce dependence on petroleum and be more amenable to the rubber composite compounding infrastructure.


Author(s):  
A. F. Puchkov ◽  
M. P. Spiridonova ◽  
D. A. Kutsov ◽  
A. N. Kutsov ◽  
V. A. Drozdev

The use of lactam-containing complex salts (LCS) with the functions of dispersants, apparatuses and crosslinking agents made it possible to obtain elastomers with a high (at least 300 wt.% per 100 wt.h. of rubber), containing modified carboxymethyl cellulose for the cuff of a packer device capable of performing the necessary shut-off functions in contact with highly concentrated, at least 25% aqueous solutions of mineral salts - NaCl and CaCl2. The achieved effect is expressed in the ability of LCS to disperse water-swelling polymers (GNP), to have an appreting effect on GNP particles, thereby preventing their agglomeration, as well as to create additional chemisorption bonds in the rubber matrix. As a result, a developed network of interface boundaries is obtained, which contributes to the rapid penetration of aqueous solutions of mineral salts into the array of elastomeric composition.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Fei Guo ◽  
Chengbin Du ◽  
Guojun Yu

In this paper, a novel magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) was prepared by dispersing carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) into a composite matrix compounded by butadiene rubber (BR) and self-fabricated Silly Putty. The rate-sensitive and magneto-induced characteristics of normal force were experimental investigated to discuss the working mechanism. The results demonstrated that the normal force increased with the compression rate and the mass fraction of boron-silicon copolymer added to the composite matrix due to the formation of the more and more B-O cross bonds which could be blocked in the C-C cross-linked network of BR. Meanwhile, the magneto-induced normal force was positively correlated with the applied magnetic field strength and the compression strain due to the decreased gap between the centers of soft magnetic particles and the increased particle intensity of magnetization. Moreover, the magneto-induced normal force continued to enhance with the increase of compression strain because the CIP chains fixed in the C-C cross-linked network could bend to a radian and CIP chains in B-O cross-linked network could rupture to form more stable and intensive short-chain structures. Besides, a simplified model was deduced to characterize the mechanism of the generation of the magneto-induced normal force. Furthermore, the normal force varied stably with the oscillatory shear strain (less than 9%) at different magnetic induction intensities and suddenly reduced when the applied oscillatory shear strain was more than 9%.


Author(s):  
Eike Dohmen ◽  
Dmitry Yu Borin

Abstract In this paper the influence of the angle between the applied external magnetic field and the mechanical shear direction on the measured elasticity of a magnetorheological (MR) elastomer is addressed. The whole range of magnetic field angles from 0○ to 90○ is analyzed in steps of 5○. Though this dependence is of highest importance for practical applications this issue is rather neglected in previous studies. The work uses MR elastomer specimens based on a silicone rubber matrix containing iron powder in weight fractions of 82 wt.% and 89 wt.%. It has been shown that the measured modulus of elasticity of such composites decreases as the angle between an external magnetic field and applied shear deformation increases. As the framework for the discussion of the findings a macroscopic explanation associated with the magneto-deformation effect as well as an influence of the demagnetizing factor are considered.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Kenan Zhang ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Linsong Liu ◽  
Yongjie Yang ◽  
Lihui Liu ◽  
...  

The aim of this work was to investigate the dispersibility of kaolinite-rich coal gangue in rubber matrix, the mechanical properties and thermal stability of coal gangue/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites, and to compare these properties to those of the same coal gangue but had undergone thermal activation and modification. Several experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), laser-scattering particle analyzer were adopted to characterize the coal gangue particles and then the obtained composites. The results demonstrated the raw coal gangue (RCG) was mainly composed of kaolinite. Calcination led to amorphization of thermal activated coal gangue (ACG), increased hydrophilicity and void volume, and decreased pH. The grain size of ACG became coarser than RCG, but ACG turned loose confirmed by higher degree of refinement after grinding. Modification enhanced the hydrophobicity of the coal gangue and improved its dispersibility than fillers without modification. Calcined samples had better dispersibility than uncalcined fillers. Additionally, the coal gangue treated by calcinating, grinding and modifying (MGA) had the best dispersion in rubber matrix. Either calcination or modification could improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of coal gangue filled rubber, while the performance of MGA reinforced SBR (MGA-SBR) was the best. The enhanced performance of the MGA-SBR was owed to better dispersion of particles as well as stronger interactions between particles and rubber macromolecules.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
Elahe Sayyadi ◽  
Asghar Mesbahi ◽  
Reza Eghdam Zamiri ◽  
Farshad Seyyed Nejad

Abstract Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the radiation protection properties of silicon-based composites doped with nano-sized Bi2O3, PbO, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, WO3, and IrO2 particles. Radiation shielding properties of Sm2O3 and IrO2 nanoparticles were investigated for the first time in the current study. Material and methods: The MCNPX (2.7.0) Monte Carlo code was utilized to calculate the linear attenuation coefficients of single and multi-nano structured composites over the X-ray energy range of 10–140 keV. Homogenous distribution of spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm in a silicon rubber matrix was simulated. The narrow beam geometry was used to calculate the photon flux after attenuation by designed nanocomposites. Results: Based on results obtained for single nanoparticle composites, three combinations of different nano-sized fillers Sm2O3+WO3+Bi2O3, Gd2O3+WO3+Bi2O3, and Sm2O3+WO3+PbO were selected, and their shielding properties were estimated. In the energy range of 20-60 keV Sm2O3 and Gd2O3 nanoparticles, in 70-100 keV energy range WO3 and for photons energy higher than 90 keV, PbO and Bi2O3 nanoparticles showed higher attenuation. Despite its higher density, IrO2 had lower attenuation compared to other nanocomposites. The results showed that the nanocomposite containing Sm2O3, WO3, and Bi2O3 nanoparticles provided better shielding among the studied samples. Conclusions: All studied multi-nanoparticle nanocomposites provided optimum shielding properties and almost 8% higher attenuation relative to single nano-based composites over a wide range of photon energy used in diagnostic radiology. Application of these new composites is recommended in radiation protection. Further experimental studies are suggested to validate our findings.


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