Abstract
Background.Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) is a novel serum biomarker for diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with high specificity and sensitivity compared with CA125, and the increasing researches have been carried out on its roles in promoting carcinogenesis and chemoresistance in EOC in recent years, however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HE4 stimulation and to identify the key genes and pathways mediating carcinogenesis in EOC using microarray and bioinformatics analysis.Methods. We established a stable HE4-silence ES-2 ovarian cancer cell line labeled as “S”, and its active HE4 protein stimulated cells labeled as “S4”. Human whole genome microarray analysis was used to identify deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) from triplicate samples of S4 and S cells. “clusterProfiler” package in R, DAVID, Metascape, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to perform gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis, and cBioPortal for WFDC2 coexpression analysis. GEO dataset (GSE51088) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied for validation. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and modular analyses were performed using Metascape and Cytoscape. Results.In total, 713 DEGs were found (164 up regulated and 549 down regulated) and further analyzed by GO, pathway enrichment and PPI analyses. We found that MAPK pathway accounted for a significant portion of the enriched terms. WFDC2 coexpression analysis revealed ten WFDC2 coexpressed genes (TMEM220A, SEC23A, FRMD6, PMP22, APBB2, DNAJB4, ERLIN1, ZEB1, RAB6B, and PLEKHF1) that were also dramatically changed in S4 cells and validated by dataset GSE51088. Kaplan–Meier survival statistics revealed clinical significance for all of the 10 target genes. Finally, PPI was constructed, sixteen hub genes and eight molecular complex detections (MCODEs) were identified, the seeds of five most significant MCODEs were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis and their clinical significance was evaluated.Conclusions.By applying microarray and bioinformatics analyses, we identified DEGs and determined a comprehensive gene network of active HE4 stimulation in EOC cells. We offered several possible mechanisms and identified therapeutic and prognostic targets of HE4 in EOC.
Retraction Note to: Clinical significance and expression of the PRSS3 and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 1 for the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer
