Sleep apnea is worse in the supine posture and is associated with retropalatal airway narrowing or occlusion. We have, therefore, examined the effects of posture, negative pressure, and route of respiration on palatal muscle activity in 13 nonsnoring awake male subjects by using electromyography. Electromyographic activity of the levator palatini and palatoglossus was expressed as a percentage of maximum activity. Both the levator palatini (P = 0.002) and palatoglossus (P = 0.002) exhibited phasic inspiratory activity. Overall, posture did not affect the levator palatini (F = 1.58; P = 0.23) or palatoglossus (F = 0.98; P = 0.34) activity, but analysis by route of respiration showed the palatoglossus to be more active when the subjects were nose breathing supine (F = 6.64; P = 0.02). Levator palatini activity was lower when nose breathing was compared with mouth breathing in both the erect and supine postures (F = 6.67; P < 0.02). Nose breathing with the mouth held open caused an increase in palatoglossal activity (P = 0.04). Negative-pressure application (0 to -12.5 cmH2O) caused significant increases in levator palatini (P < 0.001) and palatoglossus (P < 0.001) activity, 100 ms after pressure stimulus, irrespective of route. However, the palatoglossus required significantly greater negative pressures to cause activation when applied via the nose compared with the mouth (P < 0.05). These observations indicate that the levator palatini and palatglossus have respiratory activity and are reflexly activated by negative pressure.
The Effect of Periocular Negative Pressure Application on Intraocular and Retrobulbar Pressure in Human Cadaver Eyes
