SC - Tectal Long-Lead Burst Neurons

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Burst Neurons

Activity of monkey frontal eye field neurons projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1967-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Segraves
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Movement Field ◽  
Omnipause Neurons ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. This study identified neurons in the rhesus monkey's frontal eye field that projected to oculomotor regions of the pons and characterized the signals sent by these neurons from frontal eye field to pons. 2. In two behaving rhesus monkeys, frontal eye field neurons projecting to the pons were identified via antidromic excitation by a stimulating microelectrode whose tip was centered in or near the omnipause region of the pontine raphe. This stimulation site corresponded to the nucleus raphe interpositus (RIP). In addition, electrical stimulation of the frontal eye field was used to demonstrate the effects of frontal eye field input on neurons in the omnipause region and surrounding paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). 3. Twenty-five corticopontine neurons were identified and characterized. Most frontal eye field neurons projecting to the pons were either movement neurons, firing in association with saccadic eye movements (48%), or foveal neurons responsive to visual stimulation of the fovea combined with activity related to fixation (28%). Corticopontine movement neurons fired before, during, and after saccades made within a restricted movement field. 4. The activity of identified corticopontine neurons was very similar to the activity of neurons antidromically excited from the superior colliculus where 59% had movement related activity, and 22% had foveal and fixation related activity. 5. High-intensity, short-duration electrical stimulation of the frontal eye field caused omnipause neurons to stop firing. The cessation in firing appeared to be immediate, within < or = 5 ms. The time that the omnipause neuron remained quiet depended on the intensity of the cortical stimulus and lasted up to 30 ms after a train of three stimulus pulses lasting a total of 6 ms at an intensity of 1,000 microA. Low-intensity, longer duration electrical stimuli (24 pulses, 75 microA, 70 ms) traditionally used to evoke saccades from the frontal eye field were also followed by a cessation in omnipause neuron firing, but only after a delay of approximately 30 ms. For these stimuli, the omnipause neuron resumed firing when the stimulus was turned off. 6. The same stimuli that caused omnipause neurons to stop firing excited burst neurons in the PPRF. The latency to excitation ranged from 4.2 to 9.8 ms, suggesting that there is at least one additional neuron between frontal eye field neurons and burst neurons in the PPRF. 7. The present study confirms and extends the results of previous work, with the use of retrograde and anterograde tracers, demonstrating direct projections from the frontal eye field to the pons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Bilateral control of interceptive saccades: evidence from the ipsipulsion of vertical saccades after caudal fastigial inactivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Bourrelly ◽  
Julie Quinet ◽  
Laurent Goffart
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Bilateral Control ◽  
Target Speed ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Oculomotor Vermis ◽  
Vertical Saccades ◽  
Saccade Size ◽  
Saccade Velocity

The caudal fastigial nuclei (cFN) are the output nuclei by which the medio-posterior cerebellum influences the production of saccades toward a visual target. On the basis of the organization of their efferences to the premotor burst neurons and the bilateral control of saccades, the hypothesis was proposed that the same unbalanced activity accounts for the dysmetria of all saccades during cFN unilateral inactivation, regardless of whether the saccade is horizontal, oblique, or vertical. We further tested this hypothesis by studying, in two head-restrained macaques, the effects of unilaterally inactivating the caudal fastigial nucleus on saccades toward a target moving vertically with a constant, increasing or decreasing speed. After local muscimol injection, vertical saccades were deviated horizontally toward the injected side with a magnitude that increased with saccade size. The ipsipulsion indeed depended upon the tested target speed, but not its instantaneous value because it did not increase (decrease) when the target accelerated (decelerated). By subtracting the effect on contralesional horizontal saccades from the effect on ipsilesional ones, we found that the net bilateral effect on horizontal saccades was strongly correlated with the effect on vertical saccades. We explain how this correlation corroborates the bilateral hypothesis and provide arguments against the suggestion that instantaneous saccade velocity would somehow be "encoded" by the discharge of Purkinje cells in the oculomotor vermis.

Reticulospinal Long-Lead Burst Neurons

2008 ◽  
pp. 3486-3490
Author(s):  
Charles Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Burst Neurons

Activity of Mesencephalic Vertical Burst Neurons During Saccades and Smooth Pursuit

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 2080-2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Missal ◽  
S. de Brouwer ◽  
P. Lefèvre ◽  
E. Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Interstitial Nucleus Of Cajal ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Vertical Saccades ◽  
Eye Velocity

The activity of vertical burst neurons (BNs) was recorded in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF-BNs) and in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (NIC-BNs) in head-restrained cats while performing saccades or smooth pursuit. BNs emitted a high-frequency burst of action potentials before and during vertical saccades. On average, these bursts led saccade onset by 14 ± 4 ms (mean ± SD, n = 23), and this value was in the range of latencies (∼5–15 ms) of medium-lead burst neurons (MLBNs). All NIC-BNs ( n = 15) had a downward preferred direction, whereas riMLF-BNs showed either a downward ( n = 3) or an upward ( n = 5) preferred direction. We found significant correlations between saccade and burst parameters in all BNs: vertical amplitude was correlated with the number of spikes, maximum vertical velocity with maximum of the spike density, and saccade duration with burst duration. A correlation was also found between instantaneous vertical velocity and neuronal activity during saccades. During fixation, all riMLF-BNs and ∼50% of NIC-BNs (7/15) were silent. Among NIC-BNs active during fixation (8/15), only two cells had an activity correlated with the eye position in the orbit. During smooth pursuit, most riMLF-BNs were silent (7/8), but all NIC-BNs showed an activity that was significantly correlated with the eye velocity. This activity was unaltered during temporary disappearance of the visual target, demonstrating that it was not visual in origin. For a given neuron, its on-direction during smooth pursuit and saccades remained identical. The activity of NIC-BNs during both saccades and smooth pursuit can be described by a nonlinear exponential function using the velocity of the eye as independent variable. We suggest that riMLF-BNs, which were not active during smooth pursuit, are vertical MLBNs responsible for the generation of vertical saccades. Because NIC-BNs discharged during both saccades and pursuit, they cannot be regarded as MLBNs as usually defined. NIC-BNs could, however, be the site of convergence of both the saccadic and smooth pursuit signals at the premotoneuronal level. Alternatively, NIC-BNs could participate in the integration of eye velocity to eye position signals and represent input neurons to a common integrator.

Response Properties of Saccade-Related Burst Neurons in the Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 2164-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Handel ◽  
Paul W. Glimcher
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽  
Saccadic Target ◽  
Behaving Monkeys

Handel, Ari and Paul W. Glimcher. Response properties of saccade-related burst neurons in the central mesencephalic reticular formation. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2164–2175, 1997. We studied the activity of saccade-related burst neurons in the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) in awake behaving monkeys. In experiment 1, we examined the activity of single neurons while monkeys performed an average of 225 delayed saccade trials that evoked gaze shifts having horizontal and vertical amplitudes between 2 and 20°. All neurons studied generated high-frequency bursts of activity during some of these saccades. For each neuron, the duration and frequency of these bursts of activity reached maximal values when the monkey made movements within a restricted range of horizontal and vertical amplitudes. The onset of the movement followed the onset of the burst by the longest intervals for movements within a restricted range of horizontal and vertical amplitudes. The range of movements for which this interval was longest varied from neuron to neuron. Across the population, these ranges included nearly all contraversive saccades with horizontal and vertical amplitudes between 2 and 20°. In experiment 2, we used the following task to examine the low-frequency prelude of activity that cMRF neurons generate before bursting: the monkey was required to fixate a light-emitting diode (LED) while two eccentric visual stimuli were presented. After a delay, the color of the fixation LED was changed, identifying one of the two eccentric stimuli as the saccadic target. After a final unpredictable delay, the fixation LED was extinguished and the monkey was reinforced for redirecting gaze to the identified saccadic target. Some cMRF neurons fired at a low frequency during the interval after the fixation LED changed color but before it was extinguished. For many neurons, the firing rate during this interval was related to the metrics of the movement the monkey made at the end of the trial and, to a lesser degree, to the location of the eccentric stimulus to which a movement was not directed.

Role of Glycinergic Inhibition in Shaping Activity of Saccadic Burst Neurons

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 3063-3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Iwamoto ◽  
Hitoshi Kaneko ◽  
Kaoru Yoshida ◽  
Hiroshi Shimazu
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Glycine Receptor ◽  
Extracellular Recording ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Spontaneous Discharge ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Glycinergic Inhibition

The immediate premotor signals for saccades are created at the level of medium-lead burst neurons (MLBNs). During fixations, MLBNs receive tonic inhibition from omnipause neurons (OPNs), which use glycine as a neurotransmitter. To elucidate the role of this inhibition, we studied discharge patterns of horizontal MLBNs following iontophoretic application of strychnine, a glycine-receptor antagonist, in alert cats. Three-barrel micropipettes were used for extracellular recording and iontophoresis. After application of strychnine, MLBNs exhibited spontaneous discharge and visual responses during intersaccadic intervals. Spikes were evoked by single-pulse stimulation of the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). These results show that MLBNs receive substantial excitatory input during intersaccadic intervals and that inhibitory action of OPNs is indeed necessary to prevent MLBNs from firing. Strychnine also affected saccade-related activity of MLBNs. The burst of activity, as in normal conditions, declined rapidly before the end of saccades but was followed by low rate spike activity, which continued beyond the end of saccades. This suggests that in normal conditions, the termination of saccades is determined by resumed inhibitory action of OPNs and not by termination of excitatory input to MLBNs. In addition, the firing rate and the number of spikes during saccades increased after strychnine application, suggesting that MLBNs receive glycinergic inhibition of non-OPN origin as well. We conclude that glycinergic inhibition plays essential roles in the maintenance of stable fixation, the termination of saccades, and the regulation of saccade size and velocity.

scholarly journals Saccade-Related, Long-Lead Burst Neurons in the Monkey Rostral Pons

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 979-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. S. Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Drive Motor ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Rostral Portion ◽  
And Control

The paramedian pontine reticular formation contains the premotoneuronal cell groups that constitute the saccadic burst generator and control saccadic eye movements. Despite years of study and numerous investigations, the rostral portion of this area has received comparatively little attention, particularly the cell type known as long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs). Several hypotheses about the functional role of LLBNs in saccade generation have been proposed, although there is little information with which to assess them. To address this issue, I mapped and recorded LLBNs in the rostral pons to measure their discharge characteristics and correlate those characteristics with the metrics of the concurrent saccades. On the basis of their discharge and location, I identified three types of LLBNs in the rostral pons: excitatory (eLLBN), dorsal (dLLBN), and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (nrtp) LLBNs. The eLLBNs, encountered throughout the pons, discharge for ipsilateral saccades in proportion to saccade amplitude, velocity, and duration. The dLLBNs, found at the pontomesencephalic junction, discharge maximally for ipsilateral saccades of a particular amplitude, usually <10°, and are not associated with a particular anatomical nucleus. The nrtp LLBNs, previously described as vector LLBNs, discharge for saccades of a particular direction and sometimes a particular amplitude. The discharge of the eLLBNs suggests they drive motor neurons. The anatomical projections of the nrtp LLBNs suggest that their involvement in saccade production is less direct. The discharge of dLLBNs is consistent with a role in providing the “trigger” signal that initiates saccades.

Mathematical-model-based design of silicon burst neurons

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1619-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kohno ◽  
Kazuyuki Aihara
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Model Based

Action of anticholinergic drugs and their combinations with pentobarbital on theta burst neurons of the rabbit septum

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-394
Author(s):  
E. S. Brazhnik ◽  
O. S. Vinogradova
Keyword(s):  
Anticholinergic Drugs ◽  
Burst Neurons ◽  
Theta Burst
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