Modification of locomotor performance by reticular formation and basal forebrain stimulation in the cat: Evidence for reciprocal systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Sterman ◽  
M.D. Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Locomotor Performance

Consciousness System

2017 ◽  
pp. 375-408
Author(s):  
Eduardo E. Benarroch ◽  
Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory ◽  
Kelly D. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
The State ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
System P ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Consciousness is the state of awareness of self and the environment and involves 2 main functions: arousal (level of consciousness) and awareness (content of consciousness). These functions involve a group of brainstem and forebrain areas that form the consciousness system and include the reticular formation of the brainstem, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. The aims of this chapter are to describe the anatomy of the consciousness system, physiologic basis of cortical operations, regulation of wakefulness and sleep, mechanism of attention, and pathologic states of altered consciousness.

scholarly journals Buprenorphine Disrupts Sleep and Decreases Adenosine Concentrations in Sleep-regulating Brain Regions of Sprague Dawley Rat

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Gauthier ◽  
Sarah E. Guzick ◽  
Chad M. Brummett ◽  
Helen A. Baghdoyan ◽  
Ralph Lydic
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Pontine Reticular Formation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
Substantia Innominata

Background Buprenorphine, a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor antagonist, is an effective analgesic. The effects of buprenorphine on sleep have not been well characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that an antinociceptive dose of buprenorphine decreases sleep and decreases adenosine concentrations in regions of the basal forebrain and pontine brainstem that regulate sleep. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and electrodes for recording states of wakefulness and sleep. Buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) was administered systemically via an indwelling catheter and sleep-wake states were recorded for 24 h. In additional rats, buprenorphine was delivered by microdialysis to the pontine reticular formation and substantia innominata of the basal forebrain while adenosine was simultaneously measured. Results An antinociceptive dose of buprenorphine caused a significant increase in wakefulness (25.2%) and a decrease in nonrapid eye movement sleep (-22.1%) and rapid eye movement sleep (-3.1%). Buprenorphine also increased electroencephalographic delta power during nonrapid eye movement sleep. Coadministration of the sedative-hypnotic eszopiclone diminished the buprenorphine-induced decrease in sleep. Dialysis delivery of buprenorphine significantly decreased adenosine concentrations in the pontine reticular formation (-14.6%) and substantia innominata (-36.7%). Intravenous administration of buprenorphine significantly decreased (-20%) adenosine in the substantia innominata. Conclusions Buprenorphine significantly increased time spent awake, decreased nonrapid eye movement sleep, and increased latency to sleep onset. These disruptions in sleep architecture were mitigated by coadministration of the nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic eszopiclone. The buprenorphine-induced decrease in adenosine concentrations in basal forebrain and pontine reticular formation is consistent with the interpretation that decreasing adenosine in sleep-regulating brain regions is one mechanism by which opioids disrupt sleep.

scholarly journals Opioid-induced Decreases in Rat Brain Adenosine Levels Are Reversed by Inhibiting Adenosine Deaminase

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana M. Nelson ◽  
Alanna S. Battersby ◽  
Helen A. Baghdoyan ◽  
Ralph Lydic
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Adenosine Deaminase ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Pontine Reticular Formation ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Substantia Innominata ◽  
Adenosine Agonists

Background Opioids disrupt sleep and adenosine promotes sleep, but no studies have characterized the effects of opioids on adenosine levels in brain regions known to regulate states of arousal. Delivering opioids to the pontine reticular formation (PRF) and substantia innominata (SI) region of the basal forebrain disrupts sleep. In contrast, administering adenosine agonists to the PRF or SI increases sleep. These findings encouraged the current study testing the hypothesis that microdialysis delivery of opioids to the PRF or SI decreases adenosine levels in the PRF or SI, respectively. Methods A microdialysis probe was placed in the PRF of isoflurane anesthetized rats and perfused with Ringer's solution (control) followed by Ringer's solution containing morphine (0, 10, 30, 100, or 300 microm), fentanyl (100 microm), morphine (100 microm) and the adenosine deaminase inhibitor EHNA (100 microm), or naloxone (10 microm) and morphine (100 microm). Additional experiments measured adenosine levels in the SI before and during microdialysis delivery of morphine, fentanyl, and morphine plus EHNA. Results Morphine caused a significant (P < 0.05) concentration-dependent decrease in PRF adenosine levels. The significant decrease (-20%) in adenosine caused by 100 microm morphine was blocked by coadministration of naloxone. Fentanyl also significantly decreased (-13.3%) PRF adenosine. SI adenosine levels were decreased by morphine (-26.8%) and fentanyl (-27.4%). In both PRF and SI, coadministration of morphine and EHNA prevented the significant decrease in adenosine levels caused by morphine alone. Conclusions These data support the interpretation that decreased adenosine levels in sleep-regulating brain regions may be one of the mechanisms by which opioids disrupt sleep.

Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Lesions Produce A Dissociation of Impairment In Delay And Trace Conditioning In Rats

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica K. Torner ◽  
M. Melissa Flesher ◽  
Anthony M. Cortez ◽  
Dennis Amodeo ◽  
Allen E. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Cholinergic Lesions

Dealing with hot rocky environments: Critical thermal maxima and locomotor performance in Leptodactylus lithonaetes (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Environmental temperature has fitness consequences on ectotherm development, ecology and behaviour. Amphibians are especially vulnerable because thermoregulation often trades with appropriate water balance. Although substantial research has evaluated the effect of temperature in amphibian locomotion and physiological limits, there is little information about amphibians living under extreme temperature conditions. Leptodactylus lithonaetes is a frog allegedly specialised to forage and breed on dark granitic outcrops and associated puddles, which reach environmental temperatures well above 40 ˚C. Adults can select thermally favourable microhabitats during the day while tadpoles are constrained to rock puddles and associated temperature fluctuations; we thus established microhabitat temperatures and tested whether the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of L. lithonaetes is higher in tadpoles compared to adults. In addition, we evaluated the effect of water temperature on locomotor performance of tadpoles. Contrary to our expectations, puddle temperatures were comparable and even lower than those temperatures measured in the microhabitats used by adults in the daytime. Nonetheless, the CTmax was 42.3 ˚C for tadpoles and 39.7 ˚C for adults. Regarding locomotor performance, maximum speed and maximum distance travelled by tadpoles peaked around 34 ˚C, approximately 1 ˚C below the maximum puddle temperatures registered in the puddles. In conclusion, L. lithonaetes tadpoles have a higher CTmax compared to adults, suggesting a longer exposure to extreme temperatures that lead to maintain their physiological performance at high temperatures. We suggest that these conditions are adaptations to face the strong selection forces driven by this granitic habitat.

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