The equilibrium gas solubility (C*), gas-holdup (eG), Sauter mean bubble diameter (dS), volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa), gas-liquid interfacial area (a) and mass transfer coefficient (kL) of N2, O2 and air were measured in an agitated reactor operating in surface-aeration (SAR), gas-inducing (GIR) or gas-sparging (GSR) modes in pure toluene and three mixtures of organic liquids (toluene-benzoic acid-benzaldehyde) aimed at simulating the continuous liquid phase toluene oxidation (LPTO) under wide ranges of temperatures (300-453K), pressures (1-15 bar), mixing speeds (13.3-20.0 Hz), superficial gas velocities (0.000-0.004 m/s in the GSR) and liquid heights (0.171-0.268m in the SAR and GIR).C* values of the gases in the organic liquids were calculated using a modified Peng-Robinson Equation-of-State and kLa data were determined using the Transient Physical Absorption technique. The bubble size distributions as well as dS were obtained from the Photographic method, and eG values were measured through the Dispersion Height technique using the reactors Jerguson windows. From eG, dS and kLa experimental values, a and kL were calculated under various operating conditions. The Central Composite Statistical Design and analysis technique was used to study the effect of operating conditions on the hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters.At constant temperature, the equilibrium solubilities (C*) of the three gases in all liquids used appeared to increase linearly with pressure and obey Henrys Law, however, the values exhibited minima with increasing temperature. The C* values were found to increase with increasing gas molecular weight, and decrease with the addition of benzaldehyde and benzoic acid to pure toluene. A dimensionless form of Arrhenius-type equation, in which the activation energy was dependent of temperature, was developed to predict Henrys law constant for the three gases in toluene and mixtures with a regression coefficient > 99%.In the SAR, increasing N, T or decreasing H increased eG, a, kL and kLa, and decreased dS, whereas increasing P, decreased eG, a, kL and kLa. In the GIR, increasing N or decreasing H increased eG, a, kL, kLa and dS. Also, increasing T increased and then decreased eG and a; increased kL and kLa; and decreased dS. In addition, increasing P did not affect these hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters under the operating conditions used. In the GSR, increasing N, T and UG increased eG, a, kL and kLa. Also, increasing N and T, or decreasing UG decreased dS.The addition of benzaldehyde and benzoic acid to pure toluene was found to significantly affect the hydrodynamic parameters (dS and eG), in the GSR and GIR, especially at low temperature due to formation of froth, which led to the enhancement of kLa. The hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters obtained indicated that the behavior of the SAR was mainly dependent on kL, whereas those of the GSR and GIR were strongly affected not only by kL, but also by a. Statistical correlations were also developed to predict the hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters obtained in this study with confidence levels > 95%. These correlations could be used to model, design and scale-up the LPTO process in agitated reactors.
Recovery of carbon monoxide from flue gases by reactive absorption in ionic liquid imidazolium chlorocuprate(I): Mass transfer coefficients
