Testicular tumors in infancy and childhood—a review of 10 germ cell tumors and 10 non-germ cell tumors

Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of all male cancers yet is the most common cancer affecting men aged 15–44 years. Most testicular cancers are seminomas or non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. Rarely, multiple testicular cancers may occur simultaneously, most often of the same histological type. However, synchronous tumors of different histological types may occur, although rarely. In this case study, we present the sonographic features with histopathologic correlation in a case of unilateral synchronous testicular tumors of discordant histology.

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Predictors of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: A Retrospective Study

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis ◽

10.1177/10760296211024756 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 107602962110247

Author(s):

Hikmat Abdel-Razeq ◽

Faris Tamimi ◽

Rashid Abdel-Razeq ◽

Samer Salah ◽

Zaid Omari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Germ Cell ◽

Metastatic Disease ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Testicular Germ Cell Tumor ◽

Tumor Burden ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Testicular Germ Cell ◽

Node Positive ◽

Age Range

Malignancy, including testicular tumors, significantly increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In this study, we search for predictors that may help identify subgroups of patients at higher risk of VTE. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumor and proven VTE were identified. Clinical and pathological features possibly associated with VTE were reviewed. A total of 322 patients, median age (range) 31 (18-76) years were identified. Tumors were mostly non-seminoma (n = 194, 60.2%), node-positive (n = 130, 40.4%) and 58 (18.0%) had metastatic disease at diagnosis. Venous thromboembolism were confirmed in 27 (8.4%) patients; however, rates were significantly higher ( P < 0.001) in patients with node-positive (18.5%), metastatic disease (22.4%), and those with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (21.3%). Rates were also significantly higher among those who received multiple lines of chemotherapy (27.5%) compared to those who received one line (13.8%) or none (<1.0%), P < 0.001. Patients with testicular tumors and high tumor burden, including nodal involvement, high LDH or metastatic disease, and those treated with multiple lines of chemotherapy have significantly higher rates of VTE.

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Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Serological and Immunohistochemical Diagnosis

Acta Medica Academica ◽

10.5644/ama2006-124.326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Ivan Damjanov

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Tumor Markers ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Testicular Tumor ◽

Published Data ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Testicular Germ Cell ◽

Immunohistochemical Markers

This review deals with serologic and immunohistochemical tumor markers used in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors. Time tested serologic markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase are routinely used in the work-up of patients with testicular tumors. Professional organizations regulating the practice of medicine in most countries worldwide require that the laboratory values for these serologic reactants be included in the pathology reports on testicular tumors as part of the tumor staging process. Immunohistochemical markers of testicular germ have been identified and widely tested during the first two decades of the XXI century. We have selected the most useful immunohistochemical markers from a few of these markers and discussed them in this review.Conclusion. Published data show that testicular tumor markers are widely used in routine practice. The study of tumor markers has improved the pathologic and clinical diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors and has thus contributed to their treatment.

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Histopathological pattern of testicular lesion

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v7i1.16945 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1087-1090 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R Baidya ◽

B Sigdel ◽

NL Baidya

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Cell Tumor ◽

Vascular Lesions ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Rare Type ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Tuberculous Abscess ◽

Neoplastic Lesions ◽

Testicular Lesions

Background: Testicular tumors are rare type of tumors affecting adolescents and young adults. The testicular tumors constitute 4th most common cause of death from neoplasm in a younger male.The present study is undertaken to analyze the pattern and age wise distribution of testicular lesions in our hospital.Materials and methods: This was a prospective study done over a period of 4 years from November 2012 to October 2016, after taking approval of the ethics committee and informed consent from the patients. Histopathological slides were retrieved and reviewed for tumor and its subtype.Results: A total of 60 cases of testicular lesions were encountered in our study. Out of the total 60 cases,15% (9/60) were diagnosed as malignant testicular tumor.Most of these tumors were seen between 3rd and 4th decades.Germ cell tumor was the most common type (77.7%) among which seminomas (44.44%) and mixed germ cell tumors(28.57%) were most frequently encountered.Other tumor diagnosed was Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-neoplastic lesions of the testis are most common in the second decade of life. The youngest patient was at birth and oldest was 71 years of age. Out of all non-neoplastic lesions, vascular lesions like torsion and infarction are the most common findings (54.90%) followed by tuberculous abscess (15.68%).Conclusion: Testicular tumors are uncommon in our population. Histopathological spectrum of our study was comparable with other parts of the world,germ cell tumor accounted for highest percentage of cases in neoplastic lesions and torsion and infarction are the common findings in non-neoplastiic lesions of testis.

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Histopathological analysis of testicular tumors

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v2i4.6883 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 301-304

Author(s):

S Karki ◽

RR Bhatta

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Undescended Testis ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Cell Tumor ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Pertinent Data ◽

Testicular Lesions ◽

Mixed Germ Cell Tumors

Background: Testicular cancers are rare in most countries. However, in many western countries its incidence has been increasing since the middle of the twentieth century. A definite geographic and racial distribution is seen in testicular tumors. The purpose of the study was to analyze the pattern and distribution of testicular cancers in one of the hospital in Nepal.Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study, in which cases were retrieved from the computer database between September 2006 and August 2011 in the department of Pathology. Pertinent data like age and histopathology of tumor were collected from the surgical pathology reports.Results: Testicular tumors were uncommon, comprising only 11.4% (8/70 cases) of all testicular lesions. Most of these tumors (50%) were seen between 4th and 5th decades. Germ cell tumors were the commonest tumors (62.5%), among which seminomas and mixed germ cell tumors were most frequently encountered, two cases each. Thirty percent of the biopsies consisted of undescended testis and none of them showed malignancy. Other tumors diagnosed were Non Hodgkin Lymphoma, leukemic infiltration and metastasis.Conclusion: Testicular tumors are uncommon in our population. As evident in other parts of the world, germ cell tumor was common in this study as well. However, unlike in Western population, no tumor was seen in undescended testis.Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2012) Vol. 2, 301-304DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v2i4.6883

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Burned-Out Testicular Tumors in Adolescents: Clinical Aspects and Outcome

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.688021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgio Persano ◽

Alessandro Crocoli ◽

Maria Debora De Pasquale ◽

Raffaele Cozza ◽

Rita Alaggio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Testicular Tumor ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Testicular Germ Cell ◽

Visceral Metastases ◽

Systemic Symptoms

Purpose: Testicular germ cell tumors are the fourth most common neoplasm in adolescents, accounting for 8% of all tumors in the age group 15–19 years. On rare instances, the primary testicular lesion is not clinically or radiologically evident while nodal or visceral metastases represent the clinical manifestations of the disease. This phenomenon is described as “burned-out testicular tumor.” In this paper, the authors report a single-institution experience with burned-out testicular tumors in adolescents and discuss their clinical implications.Patients and Methods: All the patients diagnosed with metastatic testicular germ cell tumors at Bambino Gesù Children Hospital between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2020, were included in the study. Patients were categorized into two groups: “primary testicular” and “burned out.” All the patients were staged and treated according to the AIEOP–TCGM 2004 protocol.Results: Eleven patients were classified as “primary testicular,” and five patients were classified as “burned out.” “Burned-out” tumors were associated with the presence of systemic symptoms compared to “primary testicular” tumors (80 vs. 0%; p = 0.0027) and higher aFP, hCG, and LDH levels (p < 0.00001). The “burned-out” population had a statistically significant higher incidence of relevant toxicity than the “primary testicular” population (80 vs. 18%; p = 0.0357) and a worse outcome in terms of both mean overall survival (15 vs. 43 months; p = 0.0299) and mean event-free survival (12 vs. 38 months; p = 0.0164).Conclusion: “Burned-out” testicular tumors seem to be a well-distinct clinical entity with a high treatment-related toxicity and poor prognosis. Further studies are needed to clarify the “burned-out phenomenon” and to identify more effective therapeutic strategies for these patients.

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Long-Term Outcomes of Sacrococcygeal Germ Cell Tumors in Infancy and Childhood

Surgery Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2015/398549 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rangsan Niramis ◽

Maitree Anuntkosol ◽

Veera Buranakitjaroen ◽

Achariya Tongsin ◽

Varaporn Mahatharadol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Distant Metastasis ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Tumor Resection ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Type I ◽

Patient Death ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

Infancy And Childhood

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors (SC-GCTs) over a 15-year period.Materials and Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of all pediatric patients treated for SC-GCTs at our hospital from 1998 to 2012.Results. Fifty-seven patients were treated for SC-GCTs with the most common in Altman’s classification type I. Age at surgery ranged from one day to 5.6 years. Tumor resection and coccygectomy were primarily performed in about 84% of the cases. Pathology revealed mature, immature, malignant sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCTs), and endodermal sinus tumors (ESTs) in 41 (72%), 4 (77%), 6 (10.5%), and 6 (10.5%), respectively. Recurrence of discase occurred in 3 of 41 patients with mature teratomas (7.3%); 2 recurrences with mature teratomas and one recurrence with EST. Five of 6 malignant SCTs and 3 of 6 ESTs responded well to the treatment. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was elevated in both malignant teratomas and ESTs. No immediate patient death was noted in any of the 57 cases, but 4 patients with malignant tumors and distant metastasis succumbed at home within 2 years of the initial treatment.Conclusion. Benign SCTs have a significant recurrence rate of approximately 7%. Close follow-up with serial AFP level monitoring should be done for 5 years after initial tumor resection and coccygectomy. The survival rate for malignant SC-GCTs with distant metastasis was unfavorable in the present study.

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Bilateral Testicular Plasmacytomas

American Journal of Sonography ◽

10.25259/ajs-12-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Alexander Croake ◽

Mary Frances Hall ◽

Xin Zhang ◽

Vikram Dogra

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Germ Cell ◽

Leydig Cell ◽

Case Reports ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Cell Hyperplasia ◽

Scrotal Pain ◽

Bilateral Involvement ◽

Leydig Cell Hyperplasia

Intratesticular masses are common and widely presumed to be malignant until proven otherwise. The most common testicular tumors include germ cell and non-germ cell tumors, typically presenting as solitary, unilateral lesions. Some testicular tumors present with bilateral involvement, the most common of which is Leydig cell hyperplasia, with case reports of other synchronous and metachronous bilateral testicular tumors in the literature. Testicular plasmacytomas in the setting of multiple myeloma have been reported as well but are uncommon. Bilateral testicular plasmacytomas are extremely rare. We present sonographic features, with histopathologic correlation in a 71-year-old man who presented with scrotal pain and was found to have bilateral testicular hypoechoic masses confirmed to be plasmacytomas.

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THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PATTERN OF TESTICULAR TUMORS A 3-YEARS EXPERIENCE AT A TERTIARY CARE UROLOGY CENTER

Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal ◽

10.51253/pafmj.v71i2.3516 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 517-21

Author(s):

Badar Murtaza ◽

Muhammad Rafiq Zafar ◽

Zahoor Iqbal Mirza ◽

Muhammad Akmal ◽

Hussain Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Operative Procedure ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Case Series ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

Objective: To evaluate the clinical presentation of testicular tumors and their histological pattern present in our setup. Study Design: Case series. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Urology (AFIU) Rawalpindi, from Jul 2016 to Jun 2019. Methodology: The documents of all the cases of testicular tumors presenting in the last 3 years were retrieved and their relevant clinical detail: age, clinical presentation, side of involvement, operative procedure conducted and the histopathology report were documented. Results: Thirty two patients of testicular tumors were documented over a period of three years, making 10.66 cases reporting per year. The mean age was 30.10 ± 15.42 years, with the youngest 3 months old infant and the eldest being 58 years of age. The tumors were commonest on the right (59.3%) with 81.2% presentation as swelling of testis. Radical orchiectomy was performed in 90.6% of the cases and retro peritoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in 6.2%. Germ cell tumors were found in 71.8% cases with mixed germ cell tumorbeing the commonest histopathology seen in 31.2% of the cases followed by the seminoma (25%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (12.5%). Conclusion: Testicular tumors were relatively uncommon in our part of the world with a limited number of cases presenting to a tertiary care urology center. The presentation was variable but a rising trend in non-Hodgkin lymphoma results in a decrease in the overall number of germ cell tumors.

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miRNAs and Biomarkers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: An Update

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1380

Author(s):

Marco De Martino ◽

Paolo Chieffi ◽

Francesco Esposito

Keyword(s):

Germ Cell ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Potential Role ◽

Biological Fluids ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Solid Cancer ◽

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Testicular Tumors ◽

Testicular Germ Cell ◽

First Choice

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the leading form of solid cancer and death affecting males between the ages of 20 and 40. Today, their surgical resection and chemotherapy are the treatments of first choice, even if sometimes this is not enough to save the lives of patients with TGCT. As seen for several tumors, the deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is also a key feature in TGCTs. miRNAs are small molecules of RNA with biological activity that are released into biological fluids by testicular cancer cells. Their presence, therefore, can be detected and monitored by considering miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers for TGCTs. The purpose of this review is to collect all the studies executed on miRNAs that have a potential role as biomarkers for testicular tumors.

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