BLADDER CANCER: DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPES, AGE, SEX DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATED VARIANTS WITH GRADATION

Background: Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the ninth most common cancer in the world, and the third most common cancer among men in West Asian countries, including Arab countries. Despite the increasing prevalence of UBC in developing countries, many places, including Yemen, do not have representative studies showing the true impact of these tumors on the population. Aims: To describe the different types of bladder cancers, and their distributions with age, and sex and to correlated different types with gradation, invasion muscles; and schistosomiasis in the last ten years in a single Yemini institute. Materials and methods: An observational descriptive study was performed on UBC patients who were subsequently diagnosed selectively by histopathological study in the Department of Pathology at the National Center for Public Health Laboratories (NCPHL) Sana'a, Yemen, over a period of about 10 years from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2021. The study variables were cancer histological type, sex, grades and age. Types, grading and histological diagnoses were formed in line with the World Health Organization classification of bladder cancer. Results: Most of the cases were in the age group 60-69 years (32%), followed by 70 years (22.3%), and 50-59 years (20%). The most common UBCs were urothelial neoplasms (UNs) (71.5%), followed by squamous neoplasms (SNs) (24.4%) while other types were less frequent. There was a cytologically high grade with a significance rate (64.2%) with UNs. There was a significance rate of: schistosomiasis (43.8%) with SNs as OR=19.5 (p < 0.001), and invasion of muscle fibers (66.4%) with SNs as OR=3.3, UNs (37.1%) as OR=11.2 (p < 0.001). Also there was a significance rate of GII grade (46.1%) with SNs as OR=64.1 (p<0.001) and GNs (33.3%) as OR=3.8 (p =0.02). Conclusion: The present study verification data congruence with those in the international literature and reports of neighboring countries, with some minor differences. This study documents a high incidence of urothelial neoplasms, with a male predominance and a peak incidence in the sixth decade of life. Imminent studies are needed to identify risk factors that increase cystitis in more detail and to study genetic susceptibility to inflammation and inflammatory markers before cancer is diagnosed. Peer Review History: Received: 1 November 2021; Revised: 17 December; Accepted: 31 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected] Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia. Md. Monirul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [email protected] Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected] Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF CANCER DISEASE AT CHATTAGRAM IN BANGLADESH ACCESS TO MEDICINES STRATEGIES OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME IN CAMEROON

Nationwide Survey on Family-perceived Experiences of Patients With Cancer of Unknown Primary Site

Purpose: Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis. As research on the experiences of CUP patients and their families is scarce, this study aimed to compare the family-perceived burden of CUP with that of common cancers (lung, colon, and stomach cancer). Additional aims were to explore the association between family-perceived burden and CUP patients’ quality of life (QOL) at end-of-life and family depression.Methods: This was a pre-planned secondary analysis of nationwide cross-sectional survey data from the bereaved family members of patients with cancer who died at 286 institutions. The major measurements were the eight-item family-perceived Burden scale (comprising specialist access, uncertainty, and prolonged diagnosis), Good Death Inventory, and Patient Health Questionnaire 9.Results: Of the total 27,591 survey responses, we analyzed 97 and 717 responses from the family members of patients with CUP and common cancer, respectively. The families of CUP patients scored significantly higher on all three burden subscales than those of common cancer patients (effect sizes: specialist access subscale, 0.3; uncertainty subscale, 0.66; and prolonged diagnosis subscale, 0.69; adjusted P < 0.01). Greater family Burden was significantly associated with lower patient QOL and higher family depression. Burden was significantly associated with being a spouse, second opinion consultation, and diagnosis period of >1 month.Conclusion: The families of CUP patients experience poor specialist access, greater uncertainty, and a prolonged diagnosis. They should be cared for from the initial stages to establish access to specialists, obtain an early diagnosis, and reduce uncertainty.

Cancer Scenario in Kashmir—A Study Conducted in a Tertiary Care Center, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Background Cancer can have profound social and economic consequences for the people in India, often leading to family impoverishment and societal inequity. Reported age-adjusted incidence rates for cancer are still quite low in the demographically young country. Slightly more than 1 million new cases of cancer are diagnosed every year in a population of 1.2 billion. It accounts for about 23 and 7% deaths in United States and India, respectively. The world's population is expected to be 7.5 billion by 2020 and approximations predict that about 15.0 million new cancer cases will be diagnosed, with deaths of about 12.0 million cancer patients. Early detection of cancers is a challenging task because clinical symptoms develop slowly. Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze the cancer scenario in the Kashmir valley. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study. So, all patients were included who had histopathologically confirmed neoplasm registered at Regional Cancer Centre of Government Medical College Srinagar, Kashmir between 2015 and 2018. All the patient characteristics including age, sex, and anatomical site of the disease were studied in detail. Results The number of cancer patients in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 were 230, 239, 391, and 511, respectively, with a combined total of 1,371. Thus, it is clear from these figures that the number of cancer cases has increased gradually with time. Stomach cancer is the most common cancer in the Kashmir territory. In males the most common cancer is stomach cancer with 175 (12.8%) reported cases and in females the most common cancer is breast cancer with 151 (11%) reported cases. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Conclusion A careful reading the reported cancer cases indicates an increased number of cancer patients every year in Indian-occupied Kashmir. Kashmir is a growing state in India playing a crucial role in the development of India and, hence, it needs special attention on this issue. A multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment is essential and this has to be made available at all regional cancer centers. Cancer control is an area in which we need participation from all sectors of the society.

Effect of S14161 Small Molecule and Glaucium Flavum Extract on A549 Cancer Cells

Background: Lung cancer is the fifth most common cancer in Iran. Due to the side effects of common cancer treatments, everyone has turned to herbal remedies and new treatments. This study aimed to compare the effect of S14161 small molecule and Glaucium flavum extract on the induction of apoptosis in A549 cancer cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the A549 cell line was treated with different concentrations of G. flavum and S14161 on days 1, 3, and 5. Also, half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) for both G. flavum and S14161 were measured. In addition, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used to investigate the effects of S14161 and G. flavum extract on the expressions level of Bax, Bad, P53, and Bcl2 genes. Results: Results showed that both the combination of S14161 and G. flavum extract resulted in cell death and reduced cancer cell viability. Nevertheless, the viability rate was greater by S14161, and this small molecule significantly increased the expression of Bax, P53, and Bad apoptotic genes and decreased the expression of the Bcl2 gene, which shows the induced apoptotic death and lethal effect of S14161 in comparison with G. flavum extract. Conclusion: Our study showed that S14161 had fewer IC50 and caused cell death by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, and G. flavum caused cancer cell death due to its alkaloid compounds. Therefore, both compounds are recommended as drug candidates for the treatment of lung cancer.

Global burden of gynecological cancers

Gynecological cancers include malignant tumours arising from reproductive organs in women including ovaries, uterus, vagina vulva, and cervix. Cervical cancer is reported to be the most common cancer while the vagina is reported to have the lowest incidence all around the world. According to the World Health Organization report Asia has the highest rate of gynecological cancers followed by Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, and the lowest rate is observed in Oceania. The rate was predicted to rise in the upcoming years. Thus appropriate strategies are needed to be adopted to control disease outcomes and adopt preventive strategies.

Molecular Pathology of Human Papilloma Virus-Negative Cervical Cancers

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide and is predominantly caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). However, a small subset of cervical cancers tests negative for HPV, including true HPV-independent cancers and false-negative cases. True HPV-negative cancers appear to be more prevalent in certain pathological adenocarcinoma subtypes, such as gastric- and clear-cell-type adenocarcinomas. Moreover, HPV-negative cervical cancers have proven to be a biologically distinct tumor subset that follows a different pathogenetic pathway to HPV-associated cervical cancers. HPV-negative cervical cancers are often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis and are expected to persist in the post-HPV vaccination era; therefore, it is important to understand HPV-negative cancers. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the molecular pathology of HPV-negative cervical cancers, with a focus on their definitions, the potential causes of false-negative HPV tests, and the histology, genetic profiles, and pathogenesis of HPV-negative cancers.

KRAS Mutations in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Lung

KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer, enabling tumor proliferation and maintenance. After various approaches to target KRAS have failed over the past decades, the first specific inhibitor of the p.G12C mutation of KRAS was recently approved by the FDA after showing promising results in adenocarcinomas of the lung and other solid tumors. Lung cancer, the most common cancer worldwide, is a promising use case for these new therapies, as adenocarcinomas in particular frequently harbor KRAS mutations. However, in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, KRAS mutations are rare and their impact on clinical outcome is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the prevalence and prognostic and predictive significance of KRAS mutations in the context of SCC.

STUDY OF CORRELATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTERATION SCORE WITH TUMOR GRADE, NODAL STATUS, ER, PR, HER-2 NEU STATUS IN PATIENTS OF STAGE 2 AND 3 BREAST CANCER IN A TERTIARY CENTER, KOLKATA

Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in women in India and constitute one–third of women’s cancers and is second reason of mortality after lung carcinoma.[1] It is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in most cities in India, and 2nd most common cancer in females in the rural areas. As the disease burden and mortality rate is very high, evaluation of several parameters that influence survival rates among women with breast cancer may help design early detection, predict the prognosis and frame a suitable line of treatment.[2] The link between inflammation and cancer was first suggested in 1863.[3] Chronic inflammation is known to increase the risk of cancer development, such as colon cancer in inflammatory bowel diseases.[4] There is good evidence that the development of cancer and its progression are dependent on a complex interaction of the tumour and the host inflammatory response.[5] Aim: This study aims to correlate the relation of inflammatory cell infilteration with tumour staging, nodal status, ER, PR, HER-2 NEU status of breast cancer. Material and Method: The proposed study was a cross sectional study with mostly prospective observation and with some retrospective observation, included 74 patients of stage II and stage III breast carcinoma who underwent MRM in Cancer Institute from 2017-2018. The various clinical and histopathological prognostic parameters along with inflammatory cell infilterate score in invasive breast carcinoma patients were studied and correlated. The inflammatory cell infilterates was assessed according to Klintrup-Makinen (K-M) criteria. It is scored on 4 point scale where score 0 defined no increase in inflammatory cell infilterate, score 1 defined as mild or patchy increase ,score 2 denoted as prominent inflammatory response with some cancer cell destruction and score 3 as florid cup like response. Further it is classified as low group score (score 0-1)and high group score (score 2-3) .[6] Result: There was significant association between inflammatory cell infiltrate score and grade of tumor (p=0.0005) (TABLE 1) .58.1% ,54.1% and 37.8% of the cases were ER, PR and Her-2/neu positive respectively. ER negative tumors (74.19%) were showing statistically significant (p= 0.01) association with high inflammatory cell infilterate score (ie. Score 2 and 3). Similarly PR negative tumors (64.7%) were showing statistically significant association (p= 0.04) with high inflammatory cell infilterate score. No such correlation was found between between HER-2 /NEU status and nodal involvement with inflammatory cell infilterate score (TABLE 3). Keywords: Breast cancer, Invasive ductal carcinoma, ER , PR , HER-2/Neu ,grade of tumor, Nodal status, inflammatory cell infilterate score.

The Molecular Roles and Clinical Implications of Non-Coding RNAs in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. It is also the fifth most common cancer in China. In recent years, a large number of studies have proved that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can regulate cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. NcRNAs also influence the therapeutic resistance of gastric cancer. NcRNAs mainly consist of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs. In this paper, we summarized ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer, and also reviewed their role in clinical trials and diagnosis. We sum up different ncRNAs and related moleculars and signaling pathway in gastric cancer, like Bcl-2, PTEN, Wnt signaling. In addition, the potential clinical application of ncRNAs in overcoming chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance in GC in the future were also focused on.

Precision Medicine: Technological Impact into Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Decision Making

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, impacting 2.1 million women each year. The number of publications on BC is much higher than for any other type of tumor, as well as the number of clinical trials. One of the consequences of all this information is reflected in the number of approved drugs. This review aims to discuss the impact of technological advances in the diagnosis, treatment and decision making of breast cancer and the prospects for the next 10 years. Currently, the literature has described personalized medicine, but what will the treatment be called for in the coming years?