Environmental Changes During the Past 2000 Years in North-Central Wisconsin: Analysis of Pollen, Charcoal, and Seeds from Varved Lake Sediments

A 2000-year accumulation of varved sediments from Hell's Kitchen Lake in north-central Wisconsin was analyzed for pollen, charcoal, and seeds. The varves provided an accurate time scale for the study. The pollen record indicates changes on two different time scales. Short-term changes lasting several decades appear to be superimposed on long-term changes lasting several centuries. The short-term changes are related to individual fires, and the long-term changes result from increases or decreases in the frequency of these perturbations. From 2000 to 1150 years ago the average interval between fires was about 100 years, and from 1150 to 120 years ago the interval increased to about 140 years. Evidence from pollen, seeds, and charcoal at Hell's Kitchen Lake suggests that at least two “moist” intervals occurred during the past 2000 years, one between 2000 and 1700 years ago and the other between 600 and 100 years ago. A third but minor “moist” period occurred about 1150 to 850 years ago. A pollen and seed diagram shows that these intervals are characterized by increased percentages of white pine pollen, hemlock pollen, and yellow birch seeds, and by decreased levels of charcoal. The “dry” interval of 1700 to 1150 years ago is characterized by increased percentages of paper birch seeds, oak pollen, and aspen pollen, along with high levels of charcoal. The times of climatic change indicated at Hell's Kitchen Lake are nearly synchronous with those based on studies of tree rings, soils, glacial activity, and other pollen studies from various regions of North America, but the direction of these inferred changes is not always the same. This result suggests that the long-wave pattern of the general circulation has been variable during the past 2000 years.

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Deducing Thickness Changes Of An Ice Sheet From Radio-Echo And Other Measurements

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000013381 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 14 (70) ◽

pp. 49-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. F. Nye ◽

H. H. Wills

Keyword(s):

Ice Sheet ◽

Accumulation Rates ◽

Short Term ◽

The Past ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Rate Of Accumulation

The displacement of the surface of an ice sheet and of markers set in its top layers can be measured geodetically, and also, it is expected, by radio-echo methods. The paper discusses how such measurements could be interpreted as showing long-term changes in the thickness of the ice sheet; in particular it discusses how one might design an experiment so as to avoid unwanted effects due to short-term changes in rate of accumulation. The analysis is similar to that of Federer and others (1970), but it corrects an error, so that when applied to their results for central Greenland it gives a different result for the lowering of the surface. Federer and others have already concluded that the average accumulation rates during the past 100 years have been below those needed to keep in balance with the velocity of the ice sheet as a whole. Using a particular model, it is found that this has resulted in the surface lowering at a mean rate of 0.050 m a−1 between 1871 and 1968, and a mean rate of 0.140 m a−1 between 1959 and 1968.

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Deducing Thickness Changes Of An Ice Sheet From Radio-Echo And Other Measurements

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s0022143000013381 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 14 (70) ◽

pp. 49-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. F. Nye ◽

H. H. Wills

Keyword(s):

Ice Sheet ◽

Accumulation Rates ◽

Short Term ◽

The Past ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Rate Of Accumulation

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Impact of FII’s and FDI’s on Indian Stock Market

Adhyayan A Journal of Management Sciences ◽

10.21567/adhyayan.v1i1.10220 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Shukla

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Financial Markets ◽

Global Economy ◽

Short Term ◽

Earnings Growth ◽

The Past ◽

Bull Market ◽

Indian Stock Market

FIIs are companies registered outside India. In the past four years there has been more than $41 trillion worth of FII funds invested in India. This has been one of the major reasons on the bull market witnessing unprecedented growth with the BSE Sensex rising 221% in absolute terms in this span. The present downfall of the market too is influenced as these FIIs are taking out some of their invested money. Though there is a lot of value in this market and fundamentally there is a lot of upside in it. For long-term value investors, there’s little because for worry but short term traders are adversely getting affected by the role of FIIs are playing at the present. Investors should not panic and should remain invested in sectors where underlying earnings growth has little to do with financial markets or global economy.

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Short-Term and Long-Term Changes of Left Ventricular Volumes During Rate-Adaptive and Single-Rate Pacing

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology ◽

10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb01877.x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1863-1868 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MEREDITH I. SEDNEY ◽

ERIC WEIJERS ◽

ERNST E. WALL ◽

JEEEREY D. ADIPRANOTO ◽

JAN CAMPS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricular ◽

Left Ventricular Volumes ◽

Short Term ◽

Ventricular Volumes ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Rate Adaptive

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On the peculiarities in the spin-down of isolated radio pulsars

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921312023666 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (S291) ◽

pp. 208-208

Author(s):

Augustine Chukwude

Keyword(s):

Radio Astronomy ◽

Time Resolution ◽

Local Phase ◽

Astronomy Observatory ◽

Radio Pulsars ◽

Short Term ◽

Radio Astronomy Observatory ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Timing Data

AbstractWe investigate the spin-down behaviour of a sample of 25 radio pulsars on decadal timescales (~ 18 years) using a continuous timing data obtained over a period of at Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). Particular attention is placed on achieving a better time resolution of both the short-term and long-term changes in pulsar spin-down using local phase-coherent measurements of the spin-down rates (). We demonstrate that the spin-down of radio pulsars is generally complicated by a superposition of processes that may or may not be related. Specifically, our results show that (i) for 7 pulsars, the observed spin-down variation is largely stochastic, characterized by random and sustained jumps in of varying amplitudes, (ii) for 9 objects, the spin-down evolution shows dominant monotonic variations in superimposed on short-term stochastic jumps in the parameter, and (iii) for the remaining 9 pulsars, the long-term spin-down evolution is non-monotonic, dominated by some systematic excursion in the measured spin-down rates.

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Ecological succession as an aspect of structure in fossil communities

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/s0094837300002505 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 238-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 139

Author(s):

Kenneth R. Walker ◽

Leonard P. Alberstadt

Keyword(s):

Environmental Changes ◽

Food Chains ◽

Short Term ◽

Niche Specialization ◽

Pattern Diversity ◽

Physical Environments ◽

Autogenic Succession ◽

Succession Stage ◽

Stratigraphic Sequences

Succession involves changes in a community through time, whether internally or externally controlled. As succession progresses, niche specialization, species diversity (variety and equitability), complexity of food chains, and pattern diversity increase; net production and species growth rate decrease. We apply the succession concept to three types of ancient community sequences: 1) fossil reefs (Ordovician—Cretaceous in age), 2) short-term successions occurring through thin stratigraphic intervals, and 3) long-term successions occurring through thicker stratigraphic intervals. Ancient reefs show four vertical zones: (1) a basal stabilization zone (autogenic), 2) the overlying colonization zone (autogenic, pioneer stage), 3) the diversification zone, the bulk of most reefs (diversification culminating in climax), and 4) the uppermost domination zone. The first three zones represent autogenic succession but the final stage may involve allogenic succession. Short-term succession usually occurs where periodic allogenic catastrophes wipe out the community which is rebuilt through autogenic succession. Opportunistic pioneer species are important and in our examples (Ordovician, Silurian, and Cretaceous) are species which pave soft substrata. Paleozoic strophomenid brachiopods filled this role, and inoceramid pelecypods served the function in the Mesozoic. The succession which begins with opportunists progresses to a climax community of equilibrists. Repetition of catastrophe-succession couplets produces a cyclic stratigraphic record. Long-term successions are recorded in thicker stratigraphic sequences, and are of two types: 1) autogenic succession in unchanging physical environments and 2) allogenic succession in changing physical environments. Our examples of these are from the Devonian Haragan-Bois D'Arc formations of Oklahoma and the Lime Creek Formation of Iowa. This type of succession represents a temporal-spatial mosaic. The Haragan data (unchanging environments) indicate characteristic, intergrading, and ubiquitous species in the brachiopod communities. Most ubiquitous species in the pioneer community were eurytopic opportunists. The Lime Creek data allows testing of the prediction that environmental changes cause regression to an earlier succession stage. The brachiopod communities after environmental changes have more ubiquitous and intergrading eurytopic species. These represent an earlier stage in the succession.

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Long- and Short-Term Changes of the Structure of Macrophytes in Lake Piaseczno in Relation to Land Use in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland (Poland)

Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research ◽

10.2478/trser-2013-0022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 101-110

Author(s):

Joana Sender ◽

Weronika Maślanko

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Aquatic Plants ◽

Short Term ◽

Main Interest ◽

Central European ◽

Macrophyte Communities ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Very High ◽

Macrophyte Structure

ABSTRACT The Łęczna-Włodawa Plain, known also as the Łęczna-Wlodawa Lakeland, lies within the territory of the largest subregion of the Polesie region, covering over 1,300 km2. The main interest of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland is that it is the oldest in the Central European Lowlands group of about 68 lakes. Among such a large number of lakes there exist all trophic types. However, since the late 1950’s, enormous dynamics of change associated with the disappearance of oligo- and mesotrophic lakes and their transformation into eutrophic, even hypertrophic, lakes have been observed. One of the biocenotic elements of the lakes, which are indicators of these changes, is aquatic plants. The aim of this study was to determine the macrophyte structure of Piaseczno Lake and changes of land use in its surroundings. Piaseczno Lake still represents very high natural values. A reduction in the number of macrophyte communities, which occurred especially in 2008, was a consequence of the fast-growing recreation infrastructure. From 1976 until 2010 an area of recreation infrastructure in the studied area increased more than 3.5 times, and in the built-up area more than five times, as well as a doubling of the total length of the roads. Meanwhile the surface area of wetlands and peatbogs significantly decreased - more than 11 times. Long-term changes in the structure of the macrophyte communities show that the number of communities has varied in each year, probably as a consequence of changes in landuse. Analysis showed changes to the surfaces inhabited by macrophytes, which have decreased significantly over only four years, by more than 25%. However, the proportion of rush communities has increased.

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Afterword

10.1093/oso/9780197600436.003.0019 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 244-248

Author(s):

Michael J. Rosenfeld

Keyword(s):

Social Change ◽

Gay Rights ◽

Marriage Equality ◽

Short Term ◽

The Past ◽

The Many ◽

The U.S ◽

The Way

Gay rights and marriage equality have advanced so far in the U.S. in the past decade that it would be all too easy to assume that the struggle is over. The opponents of gay rights, however, remain powerful. Readers can take inspiration from how dramatically attitudes toward gay rights have liberalized in the past two decades and how transformative the liberalization of attitudes has been. We live in a world where political lies often seem to have the upper hand. It is worth remembering that despite the many short term advantages that lies can yield in politics, the truth has some long term advantages as well. The way the marriage equality movement prevailed should be a lesson to anyone who wants to make progressive social change.

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Are Biopharmaceutical Budget Caps Good Public Policy?

The Economists Voice ◽

10.1515/ev-2015-0012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dana P. Goldman ◽

Darius N. Lakdawalla ◽

James R. Baumgardner ◽

Mark T. Linthicum

Keyword(s):

Cost Savings ◽

Healthcare Spending ◽

Short Term ◽

The Past ◽

Long Run ◽

The Status ◽

Pharmaceutical Spending ◽

Health Returns ◽

New Research

AbstractMedical innovation has generated significant gains in health over the past decades, but these advances have been accompanied by rapid growth in healthcare spending. Faced with a growing number of high-cost but high-impact innovations, some have argued to constrain prices for new therapies – especially through global caps on pharmaceutical spending and limits on prices for individual drugs. We show that applying this threshold to past innovations would have limited access to many highly valuable drugs such as statins and anti-retrovirals. We also argue that budget caps violate several important principles of health policy. First, budget caps treat healthcare spending as a consumption good, like going to a movie or buying a meal. However, healthcare spending should be viewed as an investment, whose benefits accrue over many years – much like spending on education. Second, budgetary cost is a poor indicator of value, thereby distorting coverage decisions. Third, affordability arguments often use a short-term horizon, thereby missing that long-term health is society’s ultimate goal. Fourth, assessments of benefit should incorporate not just the immediate clinical benefit to patients, but also long-term health improvements, cost savings, and increased productivity. Fifth, global budget caps arbitrarily anchor spending on the status quo, thereby setting too stringent a threshold for socially-desirable innovation. In sum, a solitary focus on short-term costs can be detrimental to population health in the long-run. When medical treatment decisions are properly viewed as investments, budget caps are not the answer; rather, we need to find mechanisms to encourage spending decisions based on long-term value. Only then can we generate health returns to societal investments, while also encouraging the new research and development necessary to extend the gains of recent decades.

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