Cooling and uplift histories of the crystalline thrust stack of the Indian Plate internal zones west of Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalaya

1990 ◽  
Vol 180 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 323-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Treloar ◽  
David C. Rex
Keyword(s):  
Indian Plate ◽  
Nanga Parbat

Around the Bend: Nanga Parbat, Namche Barwa

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Searle
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
The West ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
The North ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
Namche Barwa ◽  
The Himalaya

From the geological mapping, structural, and metamorphic investigations along the main Himalayan Range from Zanskar in the west through the Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon regions of India and along the whole of Nepal to Sikkim, a similar story was emerging. The overall structure and distribution of metamorphic rocks and granites was remarkably similar from one geological profile to the next. The Lesser Himalaya, above the Main Boundary Thrust was composed of generally older sedimentary and igneous rocks, unaffected by the young Tertiary metamorphism. Travelling north towards the high peaks, the inverted metamorphism along the Main Central Thrust marked the lower boundary of the Tertiary metamorphic rocks formed as a result of the India–Asia collision. The large Himalayan granites, many forming the highest peaks, lay towards the upper boundary of the ‘Greater Himalayan sequence’. North of this, the sedimentary rocks of the Tethyan Himalaya crop out above the low-angle normal fault, the South Tibetan Detachment. The northern ranges of the Himalaya comprise the sedimentary rocks of the northern margin of India. The two corner regions of the Himalaya, however, appeared to be somewhat different. The Indian plate has two major syntaxes, where the structural grain of the mountains swings around through ninety degrees: the western syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan, and the eastern syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Namche Barwa in south-east Tibet. Nanga Parbat (8,125 m) is a huge mountain massif at the north-western end of the great Himalayan chain. It is most prominent seen from the Indus Valley and the hills of Kohistan to the west, where it seems to stand in glorious isolation, ringed by the deep gorges carved by the Indus and Astor Rivers, before the great wall of snowy peaks forming the Karakoram to the north.

scholarly journals Multi-Proxy Provenance Analyses of the Kingriali and Datta Formations (Triassic—Jurassic Transition): Evidence for Westward Extension of the Neo-Tethys Passive Margin from the Salt Range (Pakistan)

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Michael Wagreich ◽  
Mehwish Bibi ◽  
Irfan U. Jan ◽  
Susanne Gier
Keyword(s):  
Lower Jurassic ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Heavy Mineral ◽  
Passive Margin ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Indian Shield ◽  
Margin Setting ◽  
Salt Range ◽  
Mineral Data

The Salt Range, in Pakistan, preserves an insightful sedimentary record of passive margin dynamics along the NW margin of the Indian Plate during the Mesozoic. This study develops provenance analyses of the Upper Triassic (Kingriali Formation) to Lower Jurassic (Datta Formation) siliciclastics from the Salt and Trans Indus ranges based on outcrop analysis, petrography, bulk sediment elemental geochemistry, and heavy-mineral data. The sandstones are texturally and compositionally mature quartz arenites and the conglomerates are quartz rich oligomictic conglomerates. Geochemical proxies support sediment derivation from acidic sources and deposition under a passive margin setting. The transparent heavy mineral suite consists of zircon, tourmaline, and rutile (ZTR) with minor staurolite in the Triassic strata that diminishes in the Jurassic strata. Together, these data indicate that the sediments were supplied by erosion of the older siliciclastics of the eastern Salt Range and adjoining areas of the Indian Plate. The proportion of recycled component exceeds the previous literature estimates for direct sediment derivation from the Indian Shield. A possible increase in detritus supply from the Salt Range itself indicates notably different conditions of sediment generation, during the Triassic–Jurassic transition. The present results suggest that, during the Triassic–Jurassic transition in the Salt Range, direct sediment supply from the Indian Shield was probably reduced and the Triassic and older siliciclastics were exhumed on an elevated passive margin and reworked by a locally established fluvio-deltaic system. The sediment transport had a north-northwestward trend parallel to the northwestern Tethyan margin of the Indian Plate and normal to its opening axis. During the Late Triassic, hot and arid hot-house palaeoclimate prevailed in the area that gave way to a hot and humid greenhouse palaeoclimate across the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary. Sedimentological similarity between the Salt Range succession and the Neo-Tethyan succession exposed to the east on the northern Indian passive Neo-Tethyan margin suggests a possible westward extension of this margin.

scholarly journals No mafic layer in 80 km thick Tibetan crust

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaochun Wang ◽  
Hans Thybo ◽  
Irina M. Artemieva
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
Juvenile Crust ◽  
Mafic Lower Crust ◽  
Thick Crust

AbstractAll models of the magmatic and plate tectonic processes that create continental crust predict the presence of a mafic lower crust. Earlier proposed crustal doubling in Tibet and the Himalayas by underthrusting of the Indian plate requires the presence of a mafic layer with high seismic P-wave velocity (Vp > 7.0 km/s) above the Moho. Our new seismic data demonstrates that some of the thickest crust on Earth in the middle Lhasa Terrane has exceptionally low velocity (Vp < 6.7 km/s) throughout the whole 80 km thick crust. Observed deep crustal earthquakes throughout the crustal column and thick lithosphere from seismic tomography imply low temperature crust. Therefore, the whole crust must consist of felsic rocks as any mafic layer would have high velocity unless the temperature of the crust were high. Our results form basis for alternative models for the formation of extremely thick juvenile crust with predominantly felsic composition in continental collision zones.

MEASURING AND MAPPING OF GLACIER VARIATIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kick
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Height Variation ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Important Index ◽  
Nanga Parbat ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Terrestrial Photogrammetry ◽  
Glacier Mapping

One of the main purposes of glacier mapping is to determine the temporary state of glaciers and to investigate glacier variations by successive mappings. The author illustrates this work with particular reference to terrestrial photogrammetric surveys of mountain glaciers in the Nanga Parbat region of the Himalaya and of the Tunsbergdalsbre in southwest Norway, in both cases 24 years after R. Finsterwalder's original surveys. The author shows that the most important index of variation is the height variation of the surface level in the region of the firn line. The accuracy necessary for measuring the height variation and the scale of map plotting are discussed. Field methods are also discussed, and information is given on the measurement of volumetric changes from contourline shifts and on the measurement of velocity profiles by terrestrial photogrammetry.

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