Reply to comments on “Size and temperature dependences of the resistivity of thin alkali metal wires at liquid nitrogen, hydrogen and helium temperatures”

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. L7-L9 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Metal Wires

Infrared Spectra of the Alkali Metal Cyanides in the Solid State

1973 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakya K. Ismail ◽  
Robert H. Hauge ◽  
John L. Margrave
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Metal Cyanides ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The infrared spectra of lithium isocyanide and of sodium and potassium cyanides in the solid phase were examined over the range 4000 to 140 cm−1 at room temperature. A study of the effect of cooling the solids to liquid nitrogen temperature has been carried out.

scholarly journals XPS Study of group IA carbonates

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shchukarev ◽  
D. Korolkov
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Alkali Metal Carbonates ◽  
Metal Carbonates ◽  
Xps Study ◽  
Chemical Trends ◽  
Do So ◽  
Nitrogen Conditions

AbstractThe results of systematic XPS measurements of all alkali metal carbonates (Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) are presented. The first set of experiments was performed with “as received” commercial carbonate powders under liquid nitrogen conditions using a precooling procedure. A second set of experiments was performed under similar experimental conditions after a preliminary grinding (mechanical activation) of the carbonates. In addition, Na2CO3 *1H2O, NaHCO3 and KHCO3 powders were studied. It was found that sample pre-cooling allows distinction between hydrocarbonates and carbonate hydrates. Storage in air leads to formation of hydrocarbonates at the surface of Li2CO3 and Na2CO3. This phenomenon being more pronounced in the former. In contrast, K2CO3 forms a hydrate with one H2O molecule. Rb2CO3 and Cs2CO3 have hydrocarbonates as well as hydrates at the surface and this is more pronounced for Cs2CO3. Grinding of the carbonates results in the formation of hydrocarbonates at the surface, the tendency to do so was found to increase down the group IA, namely, K<Rb≪Cs. For the most part, the hydrocarbonates formed were unstable in vacuum even under liquid nitrogen conditions. Chemical trends in C 1s and O 1s binding energies in carbonates and hydrocarbonates of the Group IA are discussed and related to the nature of the anion and alkali cation.

PREPARATION OF METAL NITRIDES BY THE EXPLODING WIRE TECHNIQUE

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheal J. Joncich ◽  
Joe W. Vaughn ◽  
Byron F. Knutsen
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Metal Nitrides ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Exploding Wire ◽  
Steel Container ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Metal Wires ◽  
Exploding Wire Technique

An exploratory research program investigated the possibility of preparing metal nitrides by electrically exploding metal wires and foils in an atmsophere of (a) nitrogen, (b) ammonia, or (c) nitrogen and hydrogen. The explosions were carried out in an enclosed stainless steel pressure vessel. In a few cases, the wire was exploded while covered with liquid nitrogen in a stainless steel container maintained at liquid nitrogen temperatures.The samples were analyzed using a modified Kjeldahl method for nitrogen. Greater yields of nitrides were obtained when a greater charge was given the oil-filled condensers used to supply the current, and when the pressure of gas surrounding the wire was increased. Yields as high as 50% were obtained in some cases. Clearly defined nitrides were obtained with magnesium, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, zinc, and aluminium. The metals iron, rhodium, platinum, copper, and cadmium did not appear to form stable nitrides under the experimental conditions.A brief discussion of a mechanism by which a wire may explode is given.

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Frozen Hydrated Kidneys, Isolated Cells, and Cultured Cells

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 402-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Lechene
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Renal Tubular Cells ◽  
Diamond Saw ◽  
Saw Blade

Electron probe microanalysis of frozen hydrated kidneysThe goal of the method is to measure on the same preparation the chemical elemental content of the renal luminal tubular fluid and of the surrounding renal tubular cells. The following method has been developed. Rat kidneys are quenched in solid nitrogen. They are trimmed under liquid nitrogen and mounted in a copper holder using a conductive medium. Under liquid nitrogen, a flat surface is exposed by sawing with a diamond saw blade at constant speed and constant pressure using a custom-built cryosaw. Transfer into the electron probe column (Cameca, MBX) is made using a simple transfer device maintaining the sample under liquid nitrogen in an interlock chamber mounted on the electron probe column. After the liquid nitrogen is evaporated by creating a vacuum, the sample is pushed into the special stage of the instrument. The sample is maintained at close to liquid nitrogen temperature by circulation of liquid nitrogen in the special stage.

A Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Stage for STEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
Louis T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Resolution Capability ◽  
Focal Position

A liquid nitrogen stage has been developed for the JEOL JEM-100B electron microscope equipped with a scanning attachment. The design is a modification of the standard JEM-100B SEM specimen holder with specimen cooling to any temperatures In the range ~ 55°K to room temperature. Since the specimen plane is maintained at the ‘high resolution’ focal position of the objective lens and ‘bumping’ and thermal drift la minimized by supercooling the liquid nitrogen, the high resolution capability of the microscope is maintained (Fig.4).

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