Methylphenidate affects strategic choice behavior in normal adult humans

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Schroeder ◽  
Kathleen Mann-Koepke ◽  
C.T. Gualtieri ◽  
David A. Eckerman ◽  
George R. Breese
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Strategic Choice ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Adult Humans

Cricothyroid muscle activity during sleep in normal adult humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2326-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
J. S. Smickley ◽  
C. R. Vanoye ◽  
T. H. McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Continuous Positive Pressure

Previous investigators reported that cricothyroid (CT) muscle usually exhibits phasic inspiratory activity in normal adult humans during wakefulness. The purpose of this study was to determine respiratory-related CT activity in normal adult humans during sleep. Nighttime polysomnograms were performed in 16 subjects. Hooked-wire electrodes were percutaneously implanted in CT with 21-gauge needle-catheter unit that allowed artifact-free monopolar recordings during electrode placement. During wakefulness, CT was usually phasically active on inspiration, with tonic activity throughout the respiratory cycle. Phasic inspiratory activity was present throughout sleep in all subjects, even those without respiratory-related CT activity during wakefulness. Compared with non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, phasic CT activity uniformly increased in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. No differences were apparent in height of phasic CT activity between phasic and tonic REM sleep. Application of nasal continuous positive pressure in stage 3/4 NREM sleep was associated with a decrease in phasic CT activity. Passively induced hypocapnia with positive-pressure ventilation via a nose mask in stage 3/4 NREM sleep was associated with a disappearance of phasic CT activity. Cessation of positive-pressure ventilation under hypocapnic conditions frequently resulted in apnea. Phasic CT activity remained absent during apnea but reappeared coincident with or soon after resumption of spontaneous respiration. In summary, CT′s phasic inspiratory activity and respiratory-related response to various stimuli during sleep were very similar to those of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, the principal vocal cord abductor.

Laryngeal response to passively induced hypocapnia during NREM sleep in normal adult humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1088-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
M. P. McCarthy ◽  
J. S. Smickley
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Passively induced hypocapnia in animals activates vocal cord adductor muscles and decreases the glottic aperture. The purpose of this study was to determine if passively induced hypocapnia has similar effects in normal adult humans in stage 3/4 non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. Hypocapnia was induced by hyperventilating the subjects with a positive-pressure ventilator via a nose mask. At hypocapnic levels below the CO2 apneic threshold, abrupt cessation of mechanical ventilation was followed by an apnea. In protocol 1, intramuscular electromyographic recordings of intrinsic laryngeal muscles were obtained in nine subjects. Activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, a vocal cord abductor, disappeared during passive hyperventilation. The muscle remained electrically silent during an apnea, but phasic inspiratory activity reappeared with the first respiratory effort. The thyroarytenoid and arytenoideus muscles, both vocal cord adductors, were electrically silent during spontaneous breathing in NREM sleep. Hypocapnia was frequently associated with activation of both adductor muscles. Once activated, the adductor muscles remained tonically active during an ensuring apnea. In protocol 2, a fiber-optic scope was advanced transnasally into the hypopharynx to determine glottic aperture size during passively induced hypocapnic apnea. In the seven subjects who achieved stable NREM sleep, the glottic aperture during an apnea was smaller than at any time throughout the respiratory cycle during spontaneous breathing just before positive-pressure ventilation. The results suggest that the decrease in glottic aperture observed during an induced hypocapnic apnea is due to suppression of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and/or activation of vocal cord adductor muscles.

Cauda equina sensory conduction time in normal adult humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Aysen Suzen Ekinci ◽  
◽  
Aycin Yildiz Tabakoglu ◽  
Aycan Oto ◽  
Fikret Bademkiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Sensory Conduction ◽  
Adult Humans

Equality and Proportionality

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-201
Author(s):  
Christopher Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Normal Adult ◽  
The World ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Moral Respect

The idea that all people are moral equals enjoys broad support. Practically speaking, there is no doubt that this is a great moral victory. Inegalitarian views are often morally arbitrary, and many have been used to support self-serving and deeply harmful actions and policies. Coming, as it does, on the heels of ideas of racial, ethnic, religious, and gender-based superiority, there is no question that the world is a far better place for our commitment to the idea that all (normal adult) humans deserve to be shown equal moral respect or concern.

F-Substituted Carbonate Apatite for Promoting Bone Formation

2006 ◽  
Vol 309-311 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Yu Sogo ◽  
Daiki Yokoyama ◽  
Atsuo Ito ◽  
Atsushi Yamazaki ◽  
Racquel Z. LeGeros
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Type B ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Adult Humans

Abstract. Fluoride (F-)-substituted type-B carbonate-containing hydroxyapatites (CHAPs) were prepared as bone substitutes with a F-releasing ability. The F- contents in the F-substituted CHAPs were 16-22 times larger than that in normal adult human bones. The carbonate contents in the F-substituted CHAPs corresponded to that in human bones. The F-substituted CHAPs released F- in an acetic acid – sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.9; within only 3 h, the F- concentration in the buffer increased to more than 63.9 µg L-1, which was 1.5~8.9 times higher than that in a body fluid of normal adult humans. Although the F- concentration rapidly decreased probably due to the precipitation of a certain phase containing F-, the F-substituted CHAPs exhibited the ability to increase the F- concentration in a body fluid by bone resorption. Therefore, it is expected that the F-substituted CHAPs will be feasible as a F-releasing material for promoting bone formation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Level of Properdin in Normal Adult Humans and in Certain Disease States

1958 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor D. Newcomer ◽  
Earl G. McNall ◽  
Carlyn Halde ◽  
Edwin T. Wright ◽  
Thomas H. Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Normal Adult ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Adult Humans

scholarly journals Awareness of ignorance

SATS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-173
Author(s):  
İlhan İnan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
Adult Humans

AbstractDespite the recent increase in interest in philosophy about ignorance, little attention has been paid to the question of what makes it possible for a being to become aware of their own ignorance. In this paper, I try to provide such an account by arguing that, for a being to become aware of their own ignorance, they must have the mental capacity to represent something as being unknown to them. For normal adult humans who have mastered a language, mental representation of an unknown is enabled by forming linguistic expressions whose content is grasped, but whose referent is unknown. I provide a neo-Fregean, a neo-Russellian, and then a unified account of this. On that basis, I then argue further that the content of ignorance can always be captured by a question. I then distinguish between propositional ignorance and non-propositional ignorance and argue that propositional ignorance attributions can be of three types, that-ignorance, whether-ignorance, and fact-ignorance. I conclude by arguing that the acquisition of truths, even when it yields knowledge that is certain, does not always eliminate one’s ignorance and that there is a degree of ignorance in almost everything we claim to know.

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