5-azacytidine and gamma rays partially substitute for cold treatment in vernalizing winter wheat

The purpose of our investigation was to identify the features of the depressive effects of the aftereffect of different doses of gamma-rays on winter wheat varieties of local breeding in terms of germination, survival, morphometry, yield. The parameters of germination and survival, the passage of the main phases of ontogenesis in winter wheat plants of French varieties (Courtiot and Gallixe) at the first generation were studied. The influence of mutagenic depression on parameters of yield structure (morphometry of mature plants) was established and the level of their variability was estimated too. In 2019 - 2020, experiments were conducted in the research fields of the research center of the Dnieper State Agrarian and Economic University. The experiments used seeds of Courtiot and Gallixe varieties, irradiated with gamma rays in doses of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 Gy. Control was dry seeds. The variety Gallixe can be classified as resistant to gamma-rays, the variety Courtiotwas corresponded to high-sensitive. Parameter of germination and survival were directly correlated with increasing dose, with a dose of 200 Gy already semi-lethal, a dose of 250 Gy for variety Courtiot was sublethal, 300 Gy doze full-lethal, for the variety Gallixe sublethal was 300 Gy dose by which almost no plant material was obtained. Such parameters as plant height, weight of grain from the main spike and weight of thousand grains, partially (except for doses of 100-150 Gy) weight of grain from the plant reliably reproduce the mutagenic depression. Depression of the variety is affected by the dose of mutagen more than the genotype of the variety; the plant height parameter clearly demonstrates mutagenic depression. According to the results of factor and discriminant analysis as indicators affected by genotype-mutagenic interaction should be used germination and survival, pollen sterility, plant height, grain weight per spike, weight of thousand grains. Doses of 100 - 200 Gy are optimal for further use to obtain mutations; it is possible to use a dose of 250 Gy for the variety Gallixe.

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Effects of putrescine and low temperature on the apoplastic antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of two wheat cultivars

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/1037-pse ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 320-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

T. Çakmak ◽

Ö. Atıcı

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Catalase Peroxidase ◽

Wheat Leaves

The effects of putrescine (a polyamine), low temperature and their combinations on the activities of apoplastic antioxidant enzymes were studied in the leaves of two wheat cultivars, winter (Dogu-88) and spring (Gerek-79). Fifteen-day-old wheat seedlings were treated with putrescine solutions (0.1, 1 and 10mM) prior to cold treatment (5/3°C). The activities of apoplastic catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were determined in the leaves both under normal and cold conditions at 1, 3 and 5 days. The results indicate that cold treatment significantly increased the activities of apoplastic catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in winter wheat while not generally affecting spring wheat. Under control conditions, the putrescine treatments were more effective in increasing the enzyme activities in winter wheat than in spring wheat. However, under cold conditions, the putrescine treatments surprisingly induced enzyme activities in spring wheat while generally reducing those in winter wheat leaves. The results show that putrescine may act as an agent inducing primary changes in the apoplastic antioxidant system of wheat leaves during reactive oxygen species-mediated damage caused by low temperature stress.

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Vernalization-induced changes of the DNA methylation pattern in winter wheat

Genome ◽

10.1139/g01-147 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 253-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Jamie D Sherman ◽

Luther E Talbert

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Methylation Pattern ◽

Dna Demethylation ◽

Near Isogenic Lines ◽

Length Polymorphisms ◽

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽

Induced Changes

Vernalization is a cold treatment that induces or accelerates flowering and insures that temperate-zone plants will not flower until after winter. There is evidence that vernalization results in DNA demethylation that induces flowering. Differences in DNA methylation can be determined using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Methylation-sensitive AFLPs utilize restriction enzyme isoschizomers that are differentially sensitive to methylation, producing polymorphisms related to methylation differences as opposed to sequence differences. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) have been developed for spring vs. winter habit in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and allow for the study of a single vernalization locus. In this study, differences in the methylation pattern were determined for spring and winter NILs, as well as for unvernalized and vernalized individuals. Winter wheat was more highly methylated than spring wheat and methylation-related AFLPs were produced between winter and spring wheat. Changes in the methylation pattern were observed at the end of vernalization, one week after the end of vernalization, and four weeks after the end of vernalization of winter wheat. However, the most methylation differences were observed one week after removal of winter wheat from cold treatment. Our data suggest that there is not only a vernalization-induced demethylation related to flower induction, but there is also a more general and non-specific demethylation of sequences unrelated to flowering. Two methylation-related AFLPs induced by vernalization were shared among all of the winter NILs.Key words: vernalization, wheat, DNA demethylation, AFLP.

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INDUCTION OF SEED SET IN DWARF-SPRING AND WINTER WHEAT

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps61-091 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 623-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. A. Hurd

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Cold Shock ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Step Length ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Treated Seed ◽

Extensive Growth ◽

Stem Development ◽

Crown Roots

Studies were made of the effect of gibberellin (GA) application to dwarf plants of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which resulted from crossing monosomic and disomic Redman with Kenya Farmer. GA at 10 and 100 p.p.m. induced the formation of 53 seeds on 12 plants sprayed 46 days after planting. Fewer seeds were produced on a larger number of plants sprayed at a later stage. The application of IAA, NAA and TIBA to dwarfs at 5 p.p.m. was ineffective in increasing step length or inducing heading. Cold-shock treatment of seeds appeared to induce heading in one experiment and not in another. GA did not affect the course of meiosis but it did cause deformities in plants grown from treated seed. Deformities included branching of the main stem, development of crown roots from two or three nodes per stem, and rapid growth of a "needle-like" internode. Application of fertilizer overcame yellowing but not the spindly growth which occurred in GA-treated plants. Two winter wheat varieties were given GA and cold treatment both of which induced heading in one variety and not in the other. GA induced extensive growth of leaves and stems in both winter wheats under low intensity light and high temperature whereas under opposite conditions it caused retarded growth and delayed maturity.

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Carbohydrate Accumulation and Differential Transcript Expression in Winter Wheat Lines with Different Levels of Snow Mold and Freezing Tolerance after Cold Treatment

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111416 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1416

Author(s):

Erika B. Kruse ◽

Samuel Revolinski ◽

Jesse Aplin ◽

Daniel Z. Skinner ◽

Timothy D. Murray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Freezing Tolerance ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Transcript Expression ◽

Sucrose Content ◽

Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽

Snow Mold ◽

Cold Temperatures ◽

Time Points ◽

Wheat Lines

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) undergoes a period of cold acclimation in order to survive the ensuing winter, which can bring freezing temperatures and snow mold infection. Tolerance of these stresses is conferred in part by accumulation of carbohydrates in the crown region. This study investigates the contributions of carbohydrate accumulation during a cold treatment among wheat lines that differ in their snow mold tolerance (SMT) or susceptibility (SMS) and freezing tolerance (FrT) or susceptibility (FrS). Two parent varieties and eight recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were analyzed. The selected RILs represent four combinations of tolerance: SMT/FrT, SMT/FrS, SMS/FrT, and SMS/FrS. It is hypothesized that carbohydrate accumulation and transcript expression will differ between sets of RILs. Liquid chromatography with a refractive index detector was used to quantify carbohydrate content at eight time points over the cold treatment period. Polysaccharide and sucrose content differed between SMT and SMS RILs at various time points, although there were no significant differences in glucose or fructose content. Glucose and fructose content differed between FrT and FrS RILs in this study, but no significant differences in polysaccharide or sucrose content. RNAseq was used to investigate differential transcript expression, followed by modular enrichment analysis, to reveal potential candidates for other mechanisms of tolerance, which included expected pathways such as oxidative stress, chitinase activity, and unexpected transcriptional pathways. These differences in carbohydrate accumulation and differential transcript expression begin to give insight into the differences of wheat lines when exposed to cold temperatures.

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Variability at winter wheat varieties first generation which obtained mutagen action

Ecology and Noospherology ◽

10.15421/032012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 77-81

Author(s):

M. M. Nazarenko ◽

T. Y. Lykholat

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Plant Height ◽

Gamma Rays ◽

First Generation ◽

Pollen Sterility ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Research Fields ◽

Yield Structure ◽

Local Breeding ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties

The purpose of our investigation was to identify the features of the depressive effects of the aftereffect of different doses of gamma-rays on winter wheat varieties of local breeding in terms of germination, survival, morphometry, yield. The parameters of germination and survival, the passage of the main phases of ontogenesis in winter wheat plants of French varieties (Flamenko and Ghayta) at the first generation were studied. The influence of mutagenic depression on parameters of yield structure (morphometry of mature plants) was established and the level of their variability was estimated too. In 2019–2020, experiments were conducted in the research fields of the research center of the Dnieper State Agrarian and Economic University. The experiments used seeds of Flamenko and Ghayta varieties, irradiated with gamma rays in doses of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 Gy. Control was dry seeds. The variety Ghayta can be classified as resistant to gamma-rays, the variety Flamenko corresponded to high-sensitive. Parameter of germination and survival were directly correlated with increasing dose, with a dose of 200 Gy already semi-lethal, a dose of 250 Gy for variety Flamenko was sublethal, 300 Gy doze full-lethal, for the variety Ghayta sublethal was 300 Gy dose by which almost no plant material was obtained. Such parameters as plant height, weight of grains from the main spike and weight of thousand grains, weight of grains from the plant, partially number of grain from the main spike reliably reproduce the mutagenic depression. Depression of the plants is affected by the genotype of the variety more than the dose of mutagen; the plant height parameter clearly demonstrates mutagenic depression. According to the results of factor and discriminant analysis as indicators affected by genotype-mutagenic interaction should be used germination and survival, pollen sterility, plant height, grain weight per spike, weight of thousand grains weight of grains from the plant. Doses of 100–200 Gy are optimal for further use to obtain mutations; it is possible to use a dose of 250 Gy for the variety Ghayta.

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Increase in Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase Activity of Winter Wheat by Cold Treatment and Gibberellic Acid

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.45.4.461 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 461-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Reginald J. Bolduc ◽

Joe H. Cherry ◽

Byron O. Blair

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Oxidase Activity ◽

Indoleacetic Acid ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Acid Oxidase ◽

Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase

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Flowering of Australian wheats and its relation to frost injury

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9610547 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 547 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

MB Gott

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Early Period ◽

Continuous Light ◽

Day Length ◽

Short Day ◽

Frost Injury ◽

Two Factors ◽

Photoperiodic Responses ◽

Spring Type

It is known that the onset of the reproductive stage in wheat is an important factor in determining severity of damage by frost. Nineteen Australian and five overseas varieties have been tested for their sesponse to cold treatment of the seed (vernalization) and length of day (photoperiod), two factors known to influence ear formation. Many of the Australian wheats, although of the spring type, show small but, definite acceleration of ear initiation after vernalization treatment, although the period of ear development after initiation is unaffected. The Australian winter type of Minflor behaves similarly, but with a greater acceleration, characteristic of its winter habit. Minflor Winter wheat may be vernalized by cold temperature not only as a seed, but at any time during vegetative growth. Neither guanosine nor gibberellin replaced vernalization in a winter wheat. Short (9 hr) photoperiod delays ear initiation in all varieties, vernalized or non-vernalized, compared with continuous light, but varieties differ greatly in their sensitivity to day length. After initiation, some varieties are relatively unaffected by short day in the development of the ear, while others continue to be delayed. Minflor Winter is one of the varieties least delayed by short day. No 'short day induction' of unvernalized plants could be demonstrated, although there was an early period of indifference to day length in both a spring and a winter variety. Field behaviour in the light of the vernalization and photoperiodic responses, and their influence on frost escape, are discussed. In view of the genetic bases of these responses, the wider employment of controlled conditions is likely to prove useful to Australian wheat breeders in the future.

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