The need for the vernalization duration of soft winter wheat collection samples

The need for vernalization is a duration-dependent effect of low, positive temperatures in order to ensure the plants' transition to generative development. If the requirement for the duration of germination is not met, the plant will not enter the stage of forming generative organs. The vernalization requirements of winter soft wheat samples of different geographical origins are determined. An assessment of the vernalization period duration influence on the severity of the elements of the yield structure is given. The research material consisted of 15 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various geographic origin. The samples were germinated in paper rolls, then vernalized in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 3–5 ºС for 60, 50, and 40 days. At the end of vernalization, 10 plants of each sample were planted in a greenhouse. The dates of the onset of phenological phases were noted: tube emergence, earing, flowering. To determine the main elements of the yield structure, a structural analysis of plants was carried out. With an increase in the vernalization period, a decrease in the interfacial periods from tube emergence to flowering was noted. The influence of the timing of vernalization was noted on the manifestation of the spike length trait. It was found that the total number of stems and the number of productive stems in almost all varieties decreases with an increase in the period of vernalization. Significant differences between collection varieties in the need for vernalization, due to both their geographical origin and the genotype of plants are revealed. In all the studied forms, with an increase in the period of vernalization, the rate of plant development increased to varying degrees, the total number of stems, the productive stem and the length of the spike decreased.

Role of genistein on the yield, structure and immunomodulatory activity of Monascus exopolysaccharide

Manipulating the structures, physicochemical properties, and monosaccharide compositions of exopolysaccharides (EPS) isolated from microorganisms has been reported to enhance their biological activities. Hence, the aim of this work was to...

Productivity of durum wheat cultivars depending on seeding rates in the Chuvash Republic

The results of two-year experimental data on the growth, development and productivity of spring durum wheat cultivars - Bezenchukskaya Niva and Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya - in the Chuvash Republic were considered. It was found that decrease in the seeding rate of germinating seeds (from 7 to 3 million per 1 ha) resulted in reducing of the growing period in the studied cultivars of spring durum wheat by 6-7 days. Seeding rate of 5 million seeds per 1 ha provided the maximum density of spike-bearing stems due to the best indicators of general and productive tillering. The formation of the largest main spike with a high grain content in Bezenchukskaya Niva cultivar was noted at the seeding rate from 3 to 5 million seeds per 1 ha. Increase in the seeding rate ( 5 million seeds) led to a decrease in the parameters of the main spike. Analysis of Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya yield structure did not reveal clear patterns in the change in length and grain size of the main spike resulted from the seeding rate. However, the highest 1000-seed weight (50.4 g) was obtained in the variant with a seeding rate of 6 million seeds pieces. Compared to the control, the maximum yield increase in cv. Bezenchukskaya Niva (1.2 t/ha) was obtained in the variant with a seeding rate of 5 million seeds per 1 ha. The highest yield of cv. Bezenchukskaya Zolotistaya (3.23 t/ha) was obtained at a seeding rate of 6 million seeds per 1 ha.

Effect of growth stimulants on yield and quality of grain corn grown in Piedmont subprovince of Dagestan

Field experiments were carried out on chestnut soils of Piedmont Dagestan in 2018-2020. Hybrids of grain corn treated with different growth stimulants were the object of еру research. The experiments showed that the harvesting ripeness of hybrids ROSS 299 MV and Mashuk 355 MV occurred 2...5 days earlier after treatment with growth stimulants compared to the control. The growth stimulants used in the experiment did not have a significant effect on seed germination rate. Among the studied hybrids, the highest seed germination were observed in Mashuk 355 MV hybrid. The highest values of leaf area and net productivity of crops were in hybrid Mashuk 355 MB. Plants treated with growth regulators had higher leaf surface by 4.4% and 5.5%; 6.0 % and 8.4%, respectively. Approximately the same dynamics was recorded for photosynthesis net productivity and accumulation of dry matter. Mashuk 355 MV hybrid showed the best yield, which was 30.5; 31.5 and 32.5% higher respectively, compared to the standard. Productivity of corn hybrids treated with growth regulators increased significantly. The highest data were observed on plants treated with Megamiks N10 growth regulator, which were higher than the control data by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively. Aminokat 30% growth regulator increased corn productivity by 23.7 and 24.7%, respectively. Sufficiently high indicators of yield structure were 10 recorded in Mashuk 355 MV hybrid in the variant with the Megamiks N10 growth stimulator.

Effect of Row Spacing and Plant Density on the Yield of Faba bean L. Under Very Differentiated Humidity Conditions

The research covered Polish low-tannin Faba bean ‘Albus’, and its yielding depending on the row spacing and plant density under very different humidity conditions across the research years. The mean multi-year faba bean seed yield was 4.01 t ha-1 and it was most correlated with the total rainfall in August and in June-August. Due to a considerable variation in the total rainfall and air temperature, the faba bean seed yield ranged from 0.69-2.14 t ha-1 in dry years (2018-2019) with high air temperature, from 6.64 to 6.59 ha-1 in humid years (2016-2017) with a considerably higher total rainfall and lower air temperature in June-August. There was no significant effect of the row spacing and plant density on the faba bean yielding, except for a significantly lower seed yield in 2019 following the application of the lowest plant density. Out of all the yield structure components, only the number of pods per plant for 60-75 plants per m2 was significantly lower than for 45 plants. The other yield structure components did not differ significantly due to the factors studied either, except for the LAI, the value of which for a narrow row spacing was significantly higher. There was found a significant correlation between all the plant traits and with the faba bean yield.

Impact of agrotechnical methods on improvement of sowing qualities of F1 seeds of sunflower hybrid Fakel on hybridization plot (report I)

The studies were carried out in 2020 at the "Berezanskoye" agricultural enterprise located in the Korenovsky district of the Krasnodar region. The aim of the research was to establish the possibility of improving the sowing qualities and yielding properties of the forming F1 seeds in the hybridization plot of a simple interline hybrid of sunflower Fakel. We studied the influence of various complexes of agrotechnical methods on plants of the maternal form of sunflower: application of the fertilizers, biological preparations and protection means against diseases and pests. The after-effect of the positive impact of the preparations was investigated in 2021 in a field experiment on studying the field germination of F1 seeds of the sunflower hybrid Fakel. It was found that during the formation of F1 seeds of the hybrid Fakel at the hybridization plot, the best results in terms of seed quality were obtained using a complex of fertilizers and chemical plant protection, where the highest values of the indicators of the yield structure were noted (diameter and formation of a head, seed amount per a head, 1000 seed weight, and volume weight). This made it possible in F1 to have lower losses of field germination for the formation of a scientifically based plant density. As a result of phytoexamination of grown seeds, it was revealed that the use of protective measures at the hybridization plot during the growing season of plants of the maternal form of the hybrid Fakel made it possible to increase the percentage of formed healthy seeds. The best data on the level of field germination of seeds were obtained when using biological plant protection and microbiological fertilizers at the hybridization plot. This ensured the smallest loss of germination at the scientifically grounded plant density of the hybrid Fakel in F1.

About the role of mineral fertilizers and methods of basic soil treatment in the formation of corn hybrids productivity

The production of corn in the North Caucasus, and particularly in Adygea, has its own characteristics. While cultivating, it is necessary to improve individual elements of technology constantly, since they, together with technical means, determine production efficiency, seed productivity and quality of product [7]. The purpose of the work is to determine the optimal methods of basic soil cultivation and doses of mineral fertilizers that give the maximum effect when growing corn selection hybrids of the FSBSI “National Grain Center named after P. P. Lukyanenko”. The novelty of the obtained results is that the responsiveness of new corn hybrids has been studied for the first time on merged leached black soils and the most optimal elements of their cultivation technology have been identified. The research methods correspond to the “Methodology of Experimental Business” by B. A. Dospekhov. Results. As a result, it was found that the types of tillage did not have a significant effect on the density of the topsoil and varied within 1.23–1.26 g/cm3. It was noted that the best conditions for the growth and development of plants are formed when fertilizers are applied at doses of N120P60K40 and N150P60K40. Plowing to a depth of 30–32 cm (option 3) and plowing to a depth of 26–28 cm with soil deepening (option 4) had approximately the same effect on the analyzed parameters of corn. The maximum leaf area in the range of 7028–7083 cm2 and the largest weight of one plant, 2.25–2.26 kg, was noted respectively in 3 and 4 options, which contributed to obtaining of the highest yield – 5.84 and 5.62 t/ha. The optimal parameters of the elements in the yield structure were noted in the variant with a dose of N120P60K40, where the grain yield of the hybrid ROSS 140 SV was 4.94 t/ha, Krasnodar 194 MV – 4.90 and ROSS 195 MV – 5.25 t/ha, which is on 67.2, 72.6 and 69.0 % higher than in the control. The use of fertilizers in a dose of N120P60K40 provides better economic efficiency, although the yield here is somewhat lower than on the N150P60K40 option. The most cost-effective was the variant with the dose of N120P60K40, and amounted: ROSS 140 SV – 168.6 %, Krasnodar 194 MV – 184.4 % and ROSS 195 MV – 185.4 %.

Modification of physical and functional characteristics of chitin extracted from microwave-treated Nelumbo nucifera rhizome flour

Chitin, a cell wall polysaccharide, extracted from Nelumbo nucifera rhizome (NNR), was subjected to microwave treatment to modify its physical and functional characteristics. The NNR flour was irradiated at different levels of the microwave treatment period (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min). Chitin was extracted from the native and microwave-treated samples and analyzed for physical and functional characteristics. The microwave treatment resulted in some variations in the extract yield, structure, morphology, and composition of chitin that were directly correlated with its functional properties. Regression analysis of the data showed a significant ( p < 0.05) time-dependent linear decrease in extract yield, polynomial decrease in water-holding and swelling capacities, an exponential increase in oil holding, and an exponential decrease in iron-binding capacity of chitin extracted from microwave-treated flour. These variations in the studied functional properties may be due to microwave-induced hydrolytic degradation of chitin, structural rearrangements, and exposure of some lipophilic functional groups on the surface of chitin. The data would be a valuable contribution to the literature regarding microwave-induced modification in physical and functional characteristics of chitin present in N. nucifera rhizome and other plant-based biomaterials of industrial importance.

The effect of biological products and microelement fertilizer ‘Organomix’ on maize productivity in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ on productivity of the maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354MV’ carried out in laboratory for cultivation technologies of row crops (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”) in 2019–2020. The soil in the experimental plot was favorable for the cultivation of corn, containing 3.36% of humus in the arable layer, 24.4 mg of mobile phosphorus, and 360 mg of exchangeable potassium per 1 kg of soil. The soil pH was 7.0. The study was carried out to estimate the effect of the use of biological products for seed treatment and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ for plant treatment on productivity and economic efficiency of maize cultivation. There was low moisture content of sowings during the period of the trial. There was established an uneven distribution of precipitation, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient was less than 1 (0.64 in 2019 and 0.65 in 2020), which indicated the dryness of the vegetation period. The studied biological products and microelement fertilizers influenced the yield structure elements. The applied biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ improved survival rate of plants before harvesting (the plant density was 4.39–4.54 pcs/m2). There was increase of grain productivity indicators, namely cob weight ranged from 112.9 to 125.7 g, grain weight per ear varied from 94.4 to 104.8 g and 1000-grain weight was 221.2–231.4 g. The improvement of the yield structure elements increased grain productivity on 0.25–0.77 t/ha. Economic efficiency showed that the use of biological products and microelement fertilizers raised the conditional net income to the level of 28 061–34 821 rubles/ha, profitability up to 167.6–201.8% and reduced production costs to 4640–5231 rubles/t.

Влияние бактерий рода Azotobacter Chroococcum на рост и развитие пшеницы озимой в западноукраинской лесостепной провинции

The researches results showed the positive the bacterium species Azotobacter chroococcum im-pact on winter wheat yield structure. Especially, the grain yield of Favoritka increased on 0,38 t/ha, or on 10 %; weight 1000 grains – on 2.9 g, or on 7,5%; the spike’s length-on 0,7 cm or on на 9,9 %; the grain’s quantity in one spike is on 2,3 pcs, or on 9 %; one plant’s weight-on 0,23 g, or on 5,6 %; the spike’s weight-0,17g, or on11%, one spike’s grain weight- on 0,4 g, or on 5,3 %.