Biochemical Processes Directed to Flight Muscle Metabolism

Biochemistry ◽  
1985 ◽  
pp. 451-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M.Th. BEENAKKERS ◽  
D.J. VAN DER HORST ◽  
W.J.A. VAN MARREWIJK
Keyword(s):  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Biochemical Processes

Honeybee flight muscle phosphoglucose isomerase: matching enzyme capacities to flux requirements at a near-equilibrium reaction

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (8) ◽  
pp. 1247-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Staples ◽  
R Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Phosphoglucose Isomerase ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Cell Water ◽  
Economical Design ◽  
Equilibrium Reactions ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

In honeybee flight muscle, there are close matches between physiological flux rates and the maximal activities (Vmax; determined using crude homogenates) of key enzymes catalyzing non-equilibrium reactions in carbohydrate oxidation. In contrast, phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), which catalyzes a reaction believed to be close to equilibrium, occurs at Vmax values greatly in excess of glycolytic flux rates. In this study, we measure the Vmax of flight muscle PGI, the kinetic parameters of the purified enzyme, the apparent equilibrium constants for the reaction and the tissue concentrations of substrate and product. Using the Haldane equation, we estimate that the forward flux capacity (Vf) for PGI required to achieve physiological glycolytic flux rates is between 800 and 1070 units ml-1 cell water, approximately 45­60 % of the empirically measured Vmax of 1770 units ml-1 cell water at optimal pH (8.0) and low ionic strength (no added KCl). When measured at physiological pH (7.0) and ionic strength (120 mmol l-1 KCl) with saturating levels of substrate, PGI activity is 1130 units ml-1 cell water, a value close to the calculated Vf. These results reveal a very close match between predicted and measured PGI flux capacities, and support the concept of an economical design of muscle metabolism in systems working at very high metabolic rates.

scholarly journals Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids influence flight muscle oxidative capacity but not endurance flight performance in a migratory songbird

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (4) ◽  
pp. R362-R375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morag F. Dick ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

The migratory flights of birds are primarily fueled by fat; however, certain fatty acids may also enhance flight performance and the capacity to oxidize fat. The natural doping hypothesis posits that n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase membrane fluidity and aerobic and fatty acid oxidative enzymes in the flight muscles, which enables prolonged endurance flight. Support for this hypothesis is mixed, and there is no empirical evidence for increased flight performance. We fed yellow-rumped warblers ( Setophaga coronata coronata) diets enriched in either n–3 or n–6 long-chain PUFA or low in long-chain PUFA and evaluated flight muscle metabolism and endurance performance in a wind tunnel flights lasting up to 6 h. Fatty acid profiles of muscle phospholipids confirmed enrichment of the targeted dietary fatty acids, whereas less substantial differences were observed in adipose triacylglycerol. Contrary to the predictions, feeding n–3 PUFA decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-β mRNA abundance and muscle oxidative enzyme activities. However, changes in muscle metabolism were not reflected in whole animal performance. No differences were observed in flight performance among diet treatments in terms of endurance capacity, energy costs, or fuel composition. These measures of flight performance were more strongly influenced by body mass and flight duration. Overall, we found no support for the natural doping hypothesis in a songbird. Furthermore, we caution against extending changes in flight muscle metabolic enzymes or fatty acid composition to changes to migratory performance without empirical evidence.

scholarly journals Convergent changes in muscle metabolism depend on duration of high-altitude ancestry across Andean waterfowl

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal J Dawson ◽  
Luis Alza ◽  
Gabriele Nandal ◽  
Graham R Scott ◽  
Kevin G McCracken
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Hexokinase Activity ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Hydroxyacyl Coa Dehydrogenase ◽  
Low Altitude

High-altitude environments require that animals meet the metabolic O2 demands for locomotion and thermogenesis in O2-thin air, but the degree to which convergent metabolic changes have arisen across independent high-altitude lineages or the speed at which such changes arise is unclear. We examined seven high-altitude waterfowl that have inhabited the Andes (3812–4806 m elevation) over varying evolutionary time scales, to elucidate changes in biochemical pathways of energy metabolism in flight muscle relative to low-altitude sister taxa. Convergent changes across high-altitude taxa included increased hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, decreased lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities, and increased myoglobin content. ATP synthase activity increased in only the longest established high-altitude taxa, whereas hexokinase activity increased in only newly established taxa. Therefore, changes in pathways of lipid oxidation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are common strategies to cope with high-altitude hypoxia, but some changes require longer evolutionary time to arise.

scholarly journals Host plant defense produces species-specific alterations to flight muscle protein structure and flight-related fitness traits of two armyworms

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (16) ◽  
pp. jeb224907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Portman ◽  
Gary W. Felton ◽  
Rupesh R. Kariyat ◽  
James H. Marden
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania ◽  
Flight Muscles

ABSTRACTInsects manifest phenotypic plasticity in their development and behavior in response to plant defenses, via molecular mechanisms that produce tissue-specific changes. Phenotypic changes might vary between species that differ in their preferred hosts and these effects could extend beyond larval stages. To test this, we manipulated the diet of southern armyworm (SAW; Spodoptera eridania) and fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) using a tomato mutant for jasmonic acid plant defense pathway (def1), and wild-type plants, and then quantified gene expression of Troponin t (Tnt) and flight muscle metabolism of the adult insects. Differences in Tnt spliceform ratios in insect flight muscles correlate with changes to flight muscle metabolism and flight muscle output. We found that SAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a higher relative abundance (RA) of the A isoform of Troponin t (Tnt A) in their flight muscles; in contrast, FAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a lower RA of Tnt A in their flight muscles compared with adults reared on def1 and controls. Although mass-adjusted flight metabolic rate showed no independent host plant effects in either species, higher flight metabolic rates in SAW correlated with increased RA of Tnt A. Flight muscle metabolism also showed an interaction of host plants with Tnt A in both species, suggesting that host plants might be influencing flight muscle metabolic output by altering Tnt. This study illustrates how insects respond to variation in host plant chemical defense by phenotypic modifications to their flight muscle proteins, with possible implications for dispersal.

Insect flight muscle metabolism

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M.Th. Beenakkers ◽  
D.J. Van der Horst ◽  
W.J.A. Van Marrewijk
Keyword(s):  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Insect Flight ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Insect Flight Muscle

The Role of Lipid in Adult Development and Flight-Muscle Metabolism in Hyalophora Cecropia

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-590
Author(s):  
LAWRENCE A. DOMROESE ◽  
LAWRENCE I. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Acid Cycle

1. Changes in total lipid and R.Q. show that female pupae of H. cecropia begin to catabolize lipid early in adult development. In males there is a conservation of lipid during adult development resulting in the male moth having about three times the lipid content of the female. In the adult moth both sexes utilize lipid as the major energy source. 2. Lipid is the available substrate as well as the preferred substrate in flight-muscle metabolism in male moths. 3. Flight-muscle homogenates show greater oxidative activity with fatty acids and citric acid cycle intermediates than with glucose or glycolytic intermediates, indicating that carbohydrate pathways are not prominent. 4. A fatty acid oxidizing system has been identified in flight muscle which requires ATP, magnesium and a citric acid cycle intermediate for optimum activity. 5. Experiments with radiotracers and metabolic inhibitors reveal that fatty acid oxidation in flight muscle proceeds via the citric acid cycle and the cytochrome chain. 6. Active fatty acid activating enzymes are present in flight muscle, and fatty acid oxidation in H. cecropia is discussed in relation to vertebrate and other invertebrate systems.

Biochemical profiles and physicochemical parameters of beef from cattle raised under contrasting feeding systems and pre-slaughter management

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Pighin ◽  
P. Davies ◽  
A. A. Pazos ◽  
I. Ceconi ◽  
S. A. Cunzolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Muscle Ph ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
Ph Decrease ◽  
Feeding Systems

Diet and pre-slaughter stress are key factors that may affect the biochemical processes during conversion of muscle into meat. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two different pre-slaughter stress managements (PSM) at a slaughterhouse in Angus steers raised and finished in two contrasting feeding systems (FS grain and pasture systems), on the peri mortem muscle metabolism, and its relation to of meat quality. Results obtained showed that a higher level of pre-slaughter stress increased (P < 0.05) glucose, lactate and proteins blood levels and decreased (P < 0.05) the redness (a* parameter) of adipose tissue. Regarding feeding strategy, pasture-fed animals displayed increased (P < 0.05) levels of haematocrit and insulin concentrations, and higher (P < 0.05) muscle pH decrease during the first 3 h post mortem. Despite final pH (pH 24 h) of M. longissimus dorsi (LD) was not significantly modified, LD hardness was significantly affected by an interaction effect of FS and PSM. Lower pre-slaughter stress level led to a decrease (P < 0.05) of LD hardness in grain-fed animals. In general terms, results showed an impact of PSM and FS on meat quality through pH-independent mechanisms.

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