Point and diffuse sources of pharmaceuticals in coastal zones

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Miriam Biel-Maeso ◽  
Pablo A. Lara-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources

Mussels as biomonitors of point and diffuse sources of trace metals in the clyde sea area, Scotland

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area

Following a series of international conferences on pollution of the North Sea, the UK Government committed itself in 1990 to reducing the inputs of certain dangerous substances reaching the aqueous environment from point and diffuse sources. The target was a 50% reduction in loadings over the period 1985-95. Metals loadings from rivers and sewage works to the Clyde Sea Area are presented for the period 1990-97. These are compared to trace metals body burdens in mussels collected from shores throughout the Clyde Sea Area over the period 1980-97. For most metals, no clear trend either increasing or decreasing was observed in metals loadings from point sources or in mussel body burdens. The exceptions were cadmium, which showed downward trends with time in loadings and in concentrations in Clyde Estuary mussels, and lead, which showed a downward trend in mussel concentrations. Metals loadings from point sources may have reached baseline levels, below which further reductions will be difficult to achieve. Elevated mussel body burdens of specific metals provided good evidence that some shores are severely affected by point source inputs, others by bulk contamination from far-field point sources, and others by diffuse sources of metals.

Development of the heavy metal pollution trends in several European rivers: an analysis of point and diffuse sources

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rona Vink ◽  
Horst Behrendt ◽  
Wim Salomons
Keyword(s):  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
River System ◽  
Polluted River ◽  
Diffuse Source ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Source Contributions ◽  
River Elbe ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources

A comparison has been made between the metal pollution in several European rivers in various stages of clean-up and management for the period of 1980-1996. The investigated rivers were Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, Weser and Elbe. The results from this comparison showed that the simple statement that characterizes the river Elbe as ‘the most polluted river in Europe’ is a simplification. Three independent methods are presented to estimate point and diffuse source contributions in emissions and riverine transports. All methods were applied to the Elbe and Rhine rivers to estimate the contribution of point and diffuse sources for six heavy metals. The results of the source apportionment estimates show that there are temporal differences in source strength and source origin. A dramatic drop in industrial inputs and inputs from waste water treatment plants can be observed. The comparison of all methods shows some differences, which might be caused by retention processes (such as sedimentation) in the river system.

scholarly journals Combined system of extreme control of mineralized water dilution in river basins

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
P. I. Kovalchuk ◽  
O. S. Demchuk ◽  
V. P. Kovalchuk ◽  
Н. A. Balykhina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Control System ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources ◽  
Water Dilution

The theory of combined systems of extreme control, which is used in technical systems, was developed and adapted in socio-ecological-economic systems. For example, river basins are such systems. A combined extreme control system has been formalized to control the dilution of mineralized mine waters in river sections. A mathematical model of the distribution of water masses and pollution in river beds from point and diffuse sources is proposed on the basis of a system of difference balance equations under the influence of stochastic uncontrolled disturbances. With regard to such conditions as adequate instrumentation, a combined control system has been developed that uses decision-making according to environmental and economic criteria based on the analysis of input and output data simultaneously, identification and tracking of the optimum in conditions of displacement under the influence of the disturbances of extreme characteristics of the system. The structural and functional diagram is represented by the open-loop diagram, the identification of which is carried out on the basis of modeling the process of water dilution in various situations at a specific object. A closed part with a recognition system as a corrector provides feedback. Formalized mathematical models of the dynamics of water masses and pollution from point and diffuse sources are of a general nature and can be used for the basins of other rivers. The extreme control system can adapt to the hydrological conditions and water quality parameters of a particular river. A mathematical model has been formalized for the combined extreme control of mine water dilution in the section of the Ingulets river. The water for dilution comes from a storage pond in the Svystunov gully. Regulatory actions that maintain water quality without exceeding the normative values ​​of maximum permissible discharge are determined. At the same time, water consumption for dilution is minimized. The scenario analysis of the options showed a saving of up to 30% of water resources, namely 17.5 million m3, compared to the dilution carried out in February-March 2021 according to the existing individual regulations.

Relation between mercury concentration and water discharge in the Katun River, Siberia

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Sukhenko
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Point And Diffuse Sources ◽  
Load Discharge ◽  
Different Origins

Some results of a study of the pattern of mercury (Hg) occurrence in the Katun River were used to identify the main origin of Hg in the water. A relatively simple method based on statistical analysis of concentration-discharge and load-discharge relationships was applied. The behaviour of these curves is quite different for flows polluted by sources of different origins, making it possible to separate the loads caused by point and diffuse sources. The results do not show a clear prevalence of point Hg sources, at least for hydrological periods when the water discharges are close to annual average values or higher. The results do reveal that, for the Katun River, a particular mining activity (i.e. an Hg smelter) on a tributary is not the dominant Hg source and that the contribution to the river load of surface runoff washing off Hg from the whole drainage basin may be significant.

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