Impact of Hijlan Creek springs on water quality of the Euphrates River and the Hydrochemical characterization of the contamination plumes

This work aims to present the hydrochemical mechanisms describing the system of the Euphrates River before and after mixing with groundwater from the springs of Hijlan (western Iraq). Continuously, the data generated from these springs' water have been adapted to provide an updated assessment for future water therapeutic purposes. Physicochemical characteristics of water in the mixing plume of Hijlan Creek and the Euphrates indicate the multi Hydrochemical plumes as revealed by the spatial variation of important parameters related to the ecological parameters including K+, Na+, Ca+ 2, Mg+ 2, HCO3−, SO4 − 2, Cl−, NO3−, PO4 − 3, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Temp, DO, BOD5, H2S, Turbidity, EC, pH, and TDS. The re-aeration (k2) and de-oxygenation rate (k1) coefficients, as well as the self-purification factor (f) of the mixing plume, are 0.51 sec− 1, 2.03 sec− 1, and 0.25, respectively. The Cl− concentration in the confluence zone changes, due to the chloride content mixing rates of 7.1% and 92.9% for Euphrates and Hijlan creek water, respectively, with water discharge of 316,224 m3/day and chloride load discharge of 420 tons/day. The assessment of the water quality indicates unsuitability for aquaculture purposes. However, the water can be used for therapeutic purposes and to cure multiple diseases.

Effect of sintered electrode on microhardness and microstructure in electro discharge deposition of magnesium alloy

In this study, an endeavour have been made to depositing the electrode materials over the surface of the magnesium alloy using electrical discharge machining (EDM) with WC-Cu powder compacted sintered electrode. Various process parameters such as compaction load, discharge current and pulse on time are selected to carry out the experiment in order to attain the maximum material migration rate (MMR) or deposition rate and microhardness (MH). It was concluded that the MMR and MH increased with increase in discharge current and pulse on time at low compacted electrode but it is decreased at lower discharge current and pulse on time. Highest MMR and MH were attained successfully at partial sintered low compaction load electrode. Microstructure evaluation has been carried out on deposited surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and presence of electrode element in the deposited surface was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Defects mechanism such as globules and craters are formed during EDC with high current and pulse on time respectively, which diminishes the surface roughness. It was observed that the compaction load is the influence parameter on the MMR and MH.

Bed-Load Collision Sound Filtering through Separation of Pipe Hydrophone Frequency Bands

Bed-load discharge of a river can be monitored by indirectly measuring the acoustic pulses generated when the bed load collides with a steel pipe installed on the riverbed (i.e., pipe hydrophone measurement). However, existing methods used for filtering pulses from acoustic signals reflect a combination of bed-load collision frequency bands, thereby limiting characterization capabilities. This study proposes an improved filtering method that separates and efficiently examines frequency bands that are highly correlated with bed-load collision characteristics. Herein, an experimental hydraulic model and bed-load collision sound-measurement system were constructed, and bed-load collision experiments were repeatedly performed for collecting acoustic data using a pipe hydrophone. Fast Fourier Transform analysis was performed on data to select the specific frequency bands and pressures reflecting the bed-load particle size. Furthermore, a bandpass method to examine bed-load collision sounds is also presented herein. Results indicate that in comparison with existing filtering methods, the proposed bandpass method yields higher detection rates under bed-load conditions of low flow rate and small particle size, thereby demonstrating its enhanced effectiveness.

Mitigation of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge: A simulation-based approach

Mitigation of eutrophication, intensified by excessive nutrient load discharge in wastewaters regulated by restrictive legal requirements, remains one of today’s most important global problems. Despite implementation of the Water Framework Directive, the Urban Wastewater Directive and the HELCOM recommendations, the actual condition of surface water is still not satisfactory. In response to the above, the study presents an alternative approach for surface water protection against eutrophication based on the selection of appropriate nutrient removal technologies. An activated sludge model simulation was used to enable the identification of environmentally justified nutrient removal systems with lowest eutrophication potential of treated wastewater conditioned by bioavailable nutrient forms content. Based on the outcome of the study, the 3-stage Bardenpho system was identified as the most efficient for bioavailable phosphorus removal, while the Johannesburg system proved to have the highest efficiency for bioavailable nitrogen removal. The proposed eutrophication mitigation approach underlines the need for a reconsideration of current legal regulations which ignore nutrient bioavailability and key eutrophication limiting factors.

Analisis Partial Discharge Pada Saluran Kabel Tegangan Menengah 20 kV (Studi Assesmen SKTM di PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng)

This study aims to determine the status of the cable condition to the emergence voltage of Partial Discharge, as well as the status of the cable to discharge the Partial Discharge. Measurements were made at PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng on TD 09-PM 4A Segment Goat Feeders. This research uses a descriptive method. This study carried out measurements of the release of charge and voltage at each phase in the segment. After measuring the discharge of a single segment, data analysis is then performed to determine the value of Partial Discharge, then the value is accumulated to conclude the condition of cable failure risk that refers to standards set by PLN.The results showed that the status of the cable to the voltage appears Partial Discharge. PDIV value of 17.3 kV can be interpreted PDIV> Uo. PDEV value of 8 kV, can be interpreted PDEV <U0. So that PDIV> U0 and PDEV <U0 fall into the category of cable status quite poorly with Point 2. Cable Status Against Load Discharge. PD max and PD Level values ​​range below 500 pC. So that the load can be interpreted as below or equal to 500 pC, Y <500 pC or Y = 500 pC in the cable status category either with point 1. If pont 2 and point 1 are added up then the result is point 3. Point 3 can be concluded with dark green . The risk of cable failure in the TD 09 to PM 4A segment is low and the cable status is quite good. The follow up is that within a period of 12 months, this segment must be re-measured to determine the condition of the risk of cable failure. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui status kondisi kabel terhadap tegangan munculnya Partial Discharge, serta status kabel terhadap pelepasan muatan Partial Discharge. Pengukuran dilakukan di PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Menteng pada Penyulang Kambing Segmen TD 09-PM 4A. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran pelepasan muatan dan tegangan pada setiap fasa pada segmen tersebut. Setelah dilakukan pengukuran pelepasan muatan satu segmen maka selanjutnya dilakukan analisis data untuk mengetahui nilai Partial Discharge kemudian nilai tersebut diakumulasikan hingga menjadi kesimpulan kondisi resiko kegagalan kabel yang mengacu pada standar yang telah ditentukan oleh PLN. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status kabel terhadap tegangan muncul Partial Discharge. Nilai PDIV sebesar 17,3 kV perfasa dapat diartikan PDIV > Uo. Nilai PDEV sebesar 8 kV perfasa, dapat diartikan PDEV < U0. Sehingga PDIV > U0 dan PDEV < U0 masuk kategori status kabel cukup buruk dengan Point 2. Status Kabel Terhadap Besar Pelepasan Muatan. Nilai PD max dan PD Level berkisar dibawah 500 pC. Sehingga dapat diartikan besar muatan dibawah atau sama dengan 500 pC, Y < 500 pC atau Y = 500 pC masuk kategori status kabel baik dengan point 1. Jika pont 2 dan point 1 dijumlahkan maka hasilnya poin 3. Poin 3 dapat disimpulkan dengan warna hijau tua. Resiko kegagalan kabel pada segmen TD 09 to PM 4A adalah rendah dan status kabel tersebut cukup baik. Tindak lanjutnya yaitu dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan, segmen ini harus kembali diukur untuk mengetahui kondisi resiko kegagalan kabel.

Assessment of sediment transfer based on discharge indices for Cauvery River basin, India

&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of sediment transport is mainly governed by surface water flow within the river basins. Excessive sediment transport plays an important role in reducing the carrying capacity of channel networks, storage capacity of reservoirs/dams. An important task for most of the hydrologists is to determine the reliable stream flow estimate which causes majority of the sediment transport within river basins/stream channels. The transport effectiveness of a stream flow event of a particular magnitude in carrying a sediment load is defined as the product of the effect of that event (i.e. sediment transport rate corresponding to the stream flow event) and the frequency with which the event occurs. This approach is famously known as magnitude frequency analysis (MFA). MFA provides a mathematical framework to determine various discharge indices such as effective discharge, fraction-load discharge and functional-equivalent discharge. These indices provide information on long-term transport of sediments through river networks and are linked to the exponent of sediment rating curve (which is correlated to the size of sediments, bed armouring and river morphology). Effective discharge index represents that single discharge which carries the most amounts of sediments, whereas fraction-load discharge and functional-equivalent discharge indices deal with mean sediment load which considers the contribution of entire probability distribution of discharge. There is a dearth of attempts to study these discharge indices for Indian catchments. In the present study, lognormal distribution and Gamma distribution -based MFA approaches are used to estimate discharge indices for Cauvery River basin, India. Effectiveness of the approaches was assessed based on their ability to predict discharge indices for 12 catchments in the river basin. Results indicate that Gamma distribution-based approach provides reliable estimates of fraction-load discharge and functional-equivalent discharge. The fraction-load discharges were computed for the catchments by considering various fractions of sediment loads ranging from 10% to 90%. Plots of cumulative sediment yield were prepared for both approaches and compared with empirical cumulative sediment yield. It was observed that the Gamma distribution-based MFA approach tends to provide close match with the empirical yield.&lt;/p&gt;

On the Issue of Calculation of the Suspended Sediment Load Discharge

The article deals with the questions of the contribution of suspended sediment in the processes of formation of the channel, and includes several formulas of suspended sediment discharge calculation and the results of calculations by these formulas. An analytical formula of sediments, in which the absolute exponent of the degree of arguments is equal to one shown the lower error probability. The calculated probability of calculation error is explicitly related to the average relative deviation between the calculated and observed values of sediment flow: the formulas with a lower error probability show better correspondence to the observed values. At the same time, the parameters of the analytical formula of sediment flow integral with respect to the type of bottom sediments represent a more stable dependence of the hydraulic variables of the flow state and sediments in contrast to the formulas of a similar purpose with data on sediment size included in them. This is explained by the fact that even quantum estimates of particle size are often unreliable and have high variability within one phase of water content, whereas the parameters focused on the qualitative state of the system (category of sediment size) characterize the properties of the bottom soil on average (integrally) over the cross-section of the flow.