Future Prospects of Biodiesel Production by Microalgae: A Short Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myla Sunil Kumar ◽  
Viswanath Buddolla
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Future Prospects

Anodic Oxidation as an Enabling Tool for the Synthesis of Natural Products

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (19) ◽  
pp. 2781-2794
Author(s):  
Till Opatz ◽  
Leander Geske ◽  
Eisuke Sato
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Natural Product Synthesis ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Chemical Oxidants

Electrochemistry provides a valuable toolbox for organic synthesis and offers an appealing, environmentally benign alternative to the use of stoichiometric quantities of chemical oxidants or reductants. Its potential to control current efficiency along with providing alternative reaction conditions in a classical sense makes electrochemistry a suitable method for large-scale industrial transformations as well as for laboratory applications in the synthesis of complex molecular architectures. Even though research in this field has intensified over the recent decades, many synthetic chemists still hesitate to add electroorganic reactions to their standard repertoire, and hence, the full potential of preparative organic electrochemistry has not yet been unleashed. This short review highlights the versatility of anodic transformations by summarizing their application in natural product synthesis.1 Introduction2 Shono-Type Oxidation3 C–N/N–N Bond Formation4 Aryl–Alkene/Aryl–Aryl Coupling5 Cycloadditions Triggered by Oxidation of Electron-Rich Arenes6 Spirocycles7 Miscellaneous Transformations8 Future Prospects

A review on latest developments and future prospects of heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from non-edible oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 1225-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Haziratul Mardhiah ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
H.H. Masjuki ◽  
Steven Lim ◽  
H.V. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Future Prospects

A proposito di un recente libro di economia del diritto*

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Dallera
Keyword(s):  
Public Choice ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Welfare Economics ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Academic System

Abstract This is a survey of the literature on law and economics, taking occasion from the recent publication of a book of readings (The Economic Approach to Law, ed. by P. Burrows and C.G. Veljanovski, Butterworths, London, 1981, pp. 343).A short review is offered of the main streams of thought in this field (welfare economics, common law, institutional economics, new institutional economics, public choice, and so on).Finally, an analysis is also included about the future prospects of this approach, both from a theoretical viewpoint and from the viewpoint of its fitting into the Italian academic system.

scholarly journals A Review of Current Development of Graphene Mechanics

Crystals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Cao ◽  
Xiao Geng ◽  
Huaipeng Wang ◽  
Pengjie Wang ◽  
Aaron Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Compression Fracture ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Graphene Derivatives ◽  
Tension And Compression ◽  
The Relationship

Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon in honeycomb crystal with single-atom thickness, possesses extraordinary properties and fascinating applications. Graphene mechanics is very important, as it relates to the integrity and various nanomechanical behaviors including flexing, moving, rotating, vibrating, and even twisting of graphene. The relationship between the strain and stress plays an essential role in graphene mechanics. Strain can dramatically influence the electronic and optical properties, and could be utilized to engineering those properties. Furthermore, graphene with specific kinds of defects exhibit mechanical enhancements and thus the electronic enhancements. In this short review, we focus on the current development of graphene mechanics, including tension and compression, fracture, shearing, bending, friction, and dynamics properties of graphene from both experiments and numerical simulations. We also touch graphene derivatives, including graphane, graphone, graphyne, fluorographene, and graphene oxide, which carve some fancy mechanical properties out from graphene. Our review summarizes the current achievements of graphene mechanics, and then shows the future prospects.

scholarly journals Baksan Air Shower Array: new prospects for old facility

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 15003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Lidvansky
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Muon Detector ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Gamma Ray Astronomy ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Shower Array ◽  
Air Shower Array

The Carpet air shower array of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory is in operation for a long time, and it was modernized more than once. A short review of important results obtained with this array is given, as well as future prospects, since at the moment the new project called Carpet-3 is in progress, using the old array as its basis. The purpose of the new project is to substantially increase the muon detector area (quite soon up to 400 m2 and later up to 600 m2). This improvement will allow one to reach a very good sensitivity to diffuse cosmic photons by selecting muon-poor showers. The energy range where the new experiment will be competitive with other experiments of gamma-ray astronomy is near and below 100 TeV.

scholarly journals A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem G. Alsultan ◽  
Nurul Asikin-Mijan ◽  
Zueriani Ibrahim ◽  
Robiah Yunus ◽  
Siti Zulaika Razali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Processing Techniques

Biodiesel, comprising mono alkyl fatty acid esters or methyl ethyl esters, is an encouraging option to fossil fuels or diesel produced from petroleum; it has comparable characteristics and its use has the potential to diminish carbon dioxide production and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufactured from recyclable and sustainable feedstocks, e.g., oils originating from vegetation, biodiesel has biodegradable properties and has no toxic impact on ecosystems. The evolution of biodiesel has been precipitated by the continuing environmental damage created by the deployment of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is predominantly synthesised via transesterification and esterification procedures. These involve a number of key constituents, i.e., the feedstock and catalytic agent, the proportion of methanol to oil, the circumstances of the reaction and the product segregation and purification processes. Elements that influence the yield and standard of the obtained biodiesel encompass the form and quantity of the feedstock and reaction catalyst, the proportion of alcohol to feedstock, the temperature of the reaction, and its duration. Contemporary research has evaluated the output of biodiesel reactors in terms of energy production and timely biodiesel manufacture. In order to synthesise biodiesel for industrial use efficaciously, it is essential to acknowledge the technological advances that have significant potential in this sector. The current paper therefore offers a review of contemporary progress, feedstock categorisation, and catalytic agents for the manufacture of biodiesel and production reactors, together with modernised processing techniques. The production reactor, form of catalyst, methods of synthesis, and feedstock standards are additionally subjects of discourse so as to detail a comprehensive setting pertaining to the chemical process. Numerous studies are ongoing in order to develop increasingly efficacious techniques for biodiesel manufacture; these acknowledge the use of solid catalytic agents and non-catalytic supercritical events. This review appraises the contemporary situation with respect to biodiesel production in a range of contexts. The spectrum of techniques for the efficacious manufacture of biodiesel encompasses production catalysed by homogeneous or heterogeneous enzymes or promoted by microwave or ultrasonic technologies. A description of the difficulties to be surmounted going forward in the sector is presented.

Simplifying biodiesel production from microalgae via wet in situ transesterification: A review in current research and future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 101557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bora Kim ◽  
Hyun Young Heo ◽  
Jeesung Son ◽  
Jeongwoo Yang ◽  
Yong-Keun Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
In Situ Transesterification

scholarly journals Graphene-Based Materials as Efficient Photocatalysts for Water Splitting

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Albero ◽  
Diego Mateo ◽  
Hermenegildo García
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Solar Fuels ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
One Step

Photocatalysis has been proposed as one of the most promising approaches for solar fuel production. Among the photocatalysts studied for water splitting, graphene and related materials have recently emerged as attractive candidates due to their striking properties and sustainable production when obtained from biomass wastes. In most of the cases reported so far, graphene has been typically used as additive to enhance its photocatalytic activity of semiconductor materials as consequence of the improved charge separation and visible light harvesting. However, graphene-based materials have demonstrated also intrinsic photocatalytic activity towards solar fuels production, and more specifically for water splitting. The photocatalytic activity of graphene derives from defects generated during synthesis or their introduction through post-synthetic treatments. In this short review, we aim to summarize the most representative examples of graphene based photocatalysts and the different approaches carried out in order to improve the photocatalytic activity towards water splitting. It will be presented that the introduction of defects in the graphenic lattice as well as the incorporation of small amounts of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles on the graphene surface improve the photocatalytic activity of graphene. What is more, a simple one-step preparation method has demonstrated to provide crystal orientation to the nanoparticles strongly grafted on graphene resulting in remarkable photocatalytic properties. These two features, crystal orientation and strong grafting, have been identified as a general methodology to further enhance the photocatalytic activity in graphenebased materials for water splitting. Finally, future prospects in this filed will be also commented.

scholarly journals Hipparcos and Theory of Stellar Interiors

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-557
Author(s):  
A. Baglin
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
Stellar Structure ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Stellar Interiors

The theory of stellar interiors is generally considered as well settled, and many branches of astrophysics rely on its results. However, the true situation is not so bright. Despite great successes at its beginning, in the sixties, it has to deal with many physical processes, generally poorly understood, which have large influences on the results and the derived quantities, like for instance ages. After a rapid description of these difficulties, I will recall the majorquestions of the confrontation between theory and observations, and how HIPPARCOS can and will help. As an illustration, a few preliminary results will be presented, and future prospects foreseen. But, this short review is byno means exhaustive; there are many more results dealing directly or indirectly with stellar structure theory which have already been presented at theVenice Symposium (Perryman et al, 1997a), and many more, I am not aware of, will certainly appear soon.

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