Traffic simulation models are frequently used to evaluate the safety of signalized intersections, especially when testing unconventional designs or investigating the effects of emerging technologies such as connected and autonomous vehicles. In this approach, vehicle trajectories extracted from traffic simulation are usually analyzed using the surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) to estimate the number and severity of traffic conflicts. However, recent research has shown that evaluating safety using SSAM has several limitations. First, a rigorous calibration procedure must be applied to the simulation model to obtain reliable conflict results. Second, simulation models in many cases do not accurately represent actual driving behavior. Subsequently, they often fail to capture the actual mechanisms generating near-misses. This paper presents a new procedure, alternative to SSAM, for evaluating the safety of signalized intersections. The procedure combines simulated vehicle trajectories with real-time safety models to predict rear-end conflicts. The conflict prediction is based on dynamic traffic parameters, such as traffic volume and shock wave characteristics, repeatedly measured over a short time interval (a few seconds). To validate the proposed procedure, its performance was investigated in predicting traffic conflicts extracted from 54 hours of real-world video data at two signalized intersections in the city of Surrey, British Columbia. The predicted conflict results were compared with SSAM. Overall, the results showed that the proposed procedure outperforms SSAM in relation to accuracy of conflict prediction. Lastly, a case study of using the proposed procedure in evaluating the safety impact of a recently developed connected-vehicles application is presented.
A-scan ultrasound system for real-time puncture safety assessment during percutaneous nephrolithotomy
