The New Safety Trends: The Challenges through Industry 4.0

Industrial engineering achieved rapid growth in providing safety measurements in all industries, following different safety policies to prevent faults in sectors. Industrial safety is an essential feature to give an accident-free environment. The safety policies and measurements encourage the industrial people to work in different perilous conditions. Industries prepare their safety policy and safety manual to identify various faults and risks. It is necessary to create awareness in industrial working members, and industries maintain special departments for safety. The safety guidelines prevent occupational injuries and accidents. The safety rules and regulations reduce the waste of human and other resources in industries. The study evaluates safety models used in industry to identify issues involved in the selection, implementation, and evaluation. This research provides insight into the overall process for industrial safety and, most essential, overviews on the methodology. Predicting industrial faults and risks emphasized the industrial engineering process and used machine learning algorithms for classifications. Many issues and challenges discussed industrial safety and provided novel innovation ideas for researchers.

Social Force Model-Based Safety Evaluation of Intersections in Arterials Considering the Pedestrian Yield Rule

To enhance the safety of pedestrians crossing the street, a series of new regulations regarding pedestrian yield has been proposed and widely implemented across cities. In this study, we first made some improvements to the social force model, in which pedestrian crossing at the intersection, drivers’ psychology of giving way, vehicle yield to pedestrians, vehicle yield in different directions, the influence of pedestrians crossing boundaries, and signal lamp groups on pedestrian behavior were considered. Furthermore, pedestrian crossing and vehicle yield safety models were established, based on which the comprehensive safety evaluation model of intersections in arterials was established, in which two indices—(1) the safety degree of pedestrian crossings and (2) vehicle acceleration interference—were combined with the entropy weight method. Finally, four types of intersections in arterials were studied using a simulation: the intersections between different levels of arterials, and intersections with one-time and two-times pedestrian crossings. Moreover, safety evaluation and analysis of those intersections, considering the rule of pedestrian yield, were conducted combined with the trajectory data from the VISSIM simulation. The relevant results showed that for pedestrians crossing the street, the pedestrian safety of two-time crossing is significantly higher than that of one-time crossing, and compared with the arterial, the pedestrian crossing distance of the sub-arterial is shorter, and the pedestrian perception is safer. Moreover, due to the herd psychology effect, the increase in pedestrian flow volume improves the safety perception of pedestrians at the intersection.

Trastuzumab does not bind rat or mouse ErbB2/neu: implications for selection of non-clinical safety models for trastuzumab-based therapeutics

Purpose Assessment of non-clinical safety signals relies on understanding species selectivity of antibodies. This is particularly important with antibody–drug conjugates, where it is key to determine target-dependent versus target-independent toxicity. Although it appears to be widely accepted that trastuzumab does not bind mouse or rat HER2/ErbB2/neu, numerous investigators continue to use mouse models to investigate safety signals of trastuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). We, therefore, conducted a broad array of both binding and biologic studies to demonstrate selectivity of trastuzumab for human HER2 versus mouse/rat neu. Methods Binding of anti-neu and anti-HER2 antibodies was assessed by ELISA, FACS, IHC, Scatchard, and immunoblot methods in human, rat, and mouse cell lines. In human hepatocytes, T-DM1 uptake and catabolism were measured by LC-MS/MS; cell viability changes were determined using CellTiter-Glo. Results Our data demonstrate, using different binding methods, lack of trastuzumab binding to rat or mouse neu. Structural studies show important amino acid differences in the trastuzumab-HER2 binding interface between mouse/rat and human HER2 ECD. Substitution of these rodent amino acid residues into human HER2 abolish binding of trastuzumab. Cell viability changes, uptake, and catabolism of T-DM1 versus a DM1 non-targeted control ADC were comparable, indicating target-independent effects of the DM1-containing ADCs. Moreover, trastuzumab binding to human or mouse hepatocytes was not detected. Conclusions These data, in total, demonstrate that trastuzumab, and by extension T-DM1, do not bind rat or mouse neu, underscoring the importance of species selection for safety studies investigating trastuzumab or trastuzumab-based therapeutics.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a shipping company environmental protection

В статье сформирована структура показателей оценки безопасности для транспортных средств морского и внутреннего водного транспорта. Каждый компонент структуры включает от двух до пяти составляющих. Обоснованы группы оценочных критериев: функциональные, экономические, социальные, экологические и информационные. Установлено, что в качестве основных критериев безопасности водных транспортных средств целесообразно рассматривать значения концентраций опасных веществ (экологическая безопасность), уровень шума на судах (экологическая безопасность), уровень аварийности и травматизма на судне (функциональная безопасность), уровень ущерба от аварий и инцидентов на судне (функциональная безопасность) и уровень риска, как интегральный критерий безопасности. Показаны причины возникновения технических аварийных ситуаций, которые связаны с недостатками в организации работы судовых экипажей, с низкой квалификацией личного состава, с ошибочными действиями береговых служб управления, технического обслуживания и судоремонта. Утверждается, что для получения количественных показателей безопасности водной транспортной системы необходимо разработать модели безопасности для её элементов с учетом разнообразных ситуаций и определить вероятностные характеристики частных событий (аварий и инцидентов), входящих в модели безопасности. The structure of safety assessment indicators for sea and inland water transport vehicles is formed in the article. Each component of the structure includes from two to five components. The groups of evaluation criteria are justified: functional, economic, social, environmental and informational. It is established that as the main criteria for the safety of water vehicles, it is advisable to consider the values of concentrations of hazardous substances (environmental safety), the noise level on ships (environmental safety), the level of accidents and injuries on the ship (functional safety), the level of damage from accidents and incidents on the ship (functional safety) and the level of risk as an integral safety criterion. The reasons for the occurrence of technical emergencies are shown, which are associated with shortcomings in the organization of the work of ship crews, low qualification of personnel, with erroneous actions of the coastal management services, maintenance and ship repair. It is argued that in order to obtain quantitative indicators of the safety of a water transport system, it is necessary to develop safety models for its elements taking into account various situations and to determine the probabilistic characteristics of particular events (accidents and incidents) included in the safety models.

Frequency of Deoxynivalenol Concentrations above the Maximum Limit in Raw Winter Wheat Grain during a 12-Year Multi-Site Survey

Mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat grain pose a threat to food and feed safety. Models predicting DON levels mostly require field specific input data that in turn allow predictions for individual fields. To obtain predictions for entire regions, model results from fields commonly have to be aggregated, requiring many model runs and the integration of field specific information. Here, we present a novel approach for predicting the percentage of winter wheat samples with DON levels above the EU maximum legal limit (ML) based on freely available agricultural summary statistics and meteorological data for an entire region using case study data from Luxembourg and Switzerland. The coefficient of variation of the rainfall data recorded ±7 days around wheat anthesis and the percentage of fields with a previous crop of maize were used to predict the countrywide percentage of winter wheat grain samples with DON levels > ML. The relationships found in the present study allow for a better assessment of the risk of obtaining winter wheat samples with DON contaminations > ML for an entire region based on predictors that are freely available in agricultural summary statistics and meteorological data.

Real Time Safety Model for Pedestrian Red-Light Running at Signalized Intersections in China

The traditional way to evaluate pedestrian safety is a reactive approach using the data at an aggregate level. The objective of this study is to develop real-time safety models for pedestrian red-light running using the signal cycle level traffic data. Traffic data for 464 signal cycles during 16 h were collected at eight crosswalks on two intersections in the city of Nanjing, China. Various real-time safety models of pedestrian red-light running were developed based on the different combination of explanatory variables using the Bayesian Poisson-lognormal (PLN) model. The Bayesian estimation approach based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation is utilized for the real-time safety models estimates. The models’ comparison results show that the model incorporated exposure, pedestrians’ characteristics and crossing maneuver, and traffic control and crosswalk design outperforms the model incorporated exposure and the model incorporated exposure, pedestrians’ characteristics, and crossing maneuver. The result indicates that including more variables in the real-time safety model could improve the model fit. The model estimation results show that pedestrian volume, ratio of males, ratio of pedestrians on phone talking, pedestrian waiting time, green ratio, signal type, and length of crosswalk are statistically significantly associated with the pedestrians’ red-light running. The findings from this study could be useful in real-time pedestrian safety evaluation as well as in crosswalk design and pedestrian signal optimization.

The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development

Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.

The impact of weather on bicycle risk exposure

Traffic volume is the main independent variable of risk exposure in road safety models. Cyclists as a vulnerable road users are more exposed to weather conditions than e.g. car drivers. As a result, their decision of whether to cycle is strongly related to weather conditions. It suggests that any change in the weather may have a significant effect on bicycle use. Objective of the paper was to indicate which weather parameters have a significant impact on bicycle use, how a change in weather parameters affects the change in bicycle volume (risk exposure) and, consequently, predicted number of crashes with cyclists and which factors differentiate the impact of weather conditions on bicycle volume. The impact of weather on bicycle volume variability was estimated based on literature review. The Web of Science, Scopus and TRID databases were searched. Finally, 33 papers from 1977 up to 2020, different in terms of the methodology used, country of origin, and analyzed group of cyclists, were reviewed. The impact of change in weather conditions on the predicted number of crashes with cyclists was estimated using own road safety models and previous research results. Results indicate that air temperature, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, humidity, and wind strength, have a significant influence on bicycle use. The impact of the weather on bicycle volume differs between different cyclists’ groups (different levels of experience, age, gender), trip motivations (recreational, commuting, etc.) and locations (countries, cities, climate zones). The paper shows complexity of impact of weather conditions on cycling and sensitivity of relationship between weather conditions and bicycle volume (i.e. risk exposure) and, as a consequence, bicycle safety. Results indicate that weather conditions should always be taken into consideration when analyzing cycling, especially in road safety analysis. The discussion of presented research results, research methods used with their limitations, and recommendations for future research were described.