Perennial grain crops reduce N2O emissions under specific site conditions

AbstractPerennial grain crops would address many agricultural problems, including soil erosion, nutrient loss and pesticide contamination. Doubts about the possibility of perennial grain crops rest upon two assumptions: (1) that the relationship between yield and longevity is a fixed function that cannot be influenced by selection, mutation or environmental changes; and (2) that yield and longevity trade off in a bivariate manner to the exclusion of all other traits. These assumptions are consistent with the phenotypic trade-off model, but recent research suggests that a quantitative genetic model is a more appropriate approach to trade-offs. In the quantitative genetic model, environmental and genetic changes can result in increases in two traits simultaneously even when a trade-off, or negative correlation, exists between the two traits. Empirical evidence that the trade-off between perenniality and reproductive allocation is not fixed comes from wild, herbaceous perennials that can produce more than 2000 kg seed ha−1 in the temperate zone, and herbaceous perennial crops that produce on average 8900 kg fruit ha−1 in the tropics. Ecological literature suggests that most perennials produce small amounts of seed relative to their vegetative growth not as a physiological absolute, but rather as a result of natural selection in a stable, competitive environment favoring longevity. By selecting strongly for seed yield in a population of perennial plants, the plant breeder can likely achieve that which is rare in nature—a high seed-yielding perennial plant. The same general methodologies that have allowed annual grain breeders to increase grain yield and push many combinations of negatively correlated traits to levels of expression not seen in nature are available to the perennial grain breeder. Perennial grain breeders are integrating ecological principles and traditional plant breeding methods in their efforts to develop perennial grain wheat (Triticum spp.), sorghum (Sorghum spp.), sunflower (Helianthus spp.), Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) and rice (Oryza spp.).

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Strategies, Advances, and Challenges in Breeding Perennial Grain Crops

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10072192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 2192 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Timothy Crews ◽

Douglas Cattani

Keyword(s):

Grain Crops ◽

Perennial Grain

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Grain Yields of Perennial Grain Crops in Pure and Mixed Stands

Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science ◽

10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00580.x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 188 (5) ◽

pp. 342-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

L. Weik ◽

H.-P. Kaul ◽

E. Kubler ◽

W. Aufhammer

Keyword(s):

Mixed Stands ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Grain Crops ◽

Perennial Grain

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Review and analysis of perennial cereal crops at different maturity stages

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 937 (2) ◽

pp. 022111

Author(s):

Dmitry Rudoy ◽

Viktor Pakhomov ◽

Anastasiya Olshevskaya ◽

Tatyana Maltseva ◽

Natia Ugrekhelidze ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Indicators ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Comparative Characteristic ◽

Perennial Crops ◽

Grain Crops ◽

Feed Production ◽

Secale Cereale L ◽

Perennial Grain ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract The article presents an overview of perennial grain crops, gives a comparative characteristic of annual winter wheat and perennial grain crops such as Trititrigia (Trititrigia cziczinii Tsvelev), Thinopyrum intermedium, perennial rye (Secale cereale L) and perennial sorghum (Sorghum x derzhavinii Tzvel.). The study aims to consider the main perennial crops grown in Russia and in the world, to compare their quality indicators, sowing agrotechnical requirements, cultivation conditions, yields, and to justify the choice of perennial crops that meet the needs and climatic conditions of the Rostov region. Presented is the generalized information on the grain quality changes during maturation, ripeness phases of grain crops are considered. Based on the review, the optimal ripeness phases, at which it is advisable to harvest are presented. Literature review showed that in the phase of lactic (мoлoчнaя cпeлocть) and wax maturity (вocкoвaя cпeлocть) wheat grain contains the greatest amount of basic nutrients. It was found that perennial crops have a positive effect on the state of the soil: prevent its erosion and depletion; there is an accumulation of carbon, soil methane CH 4. Comparative characterization of perennial crops with annual crops shows increased protein content - on average 2-3% higher. Also considered are the green mass quality indicators of perennial crops as a source of nutrients in the feed-production technology.

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Evaluation Criteria and Estimate of Output From a Small-Scale Wind Turbine

ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/es2011-54523 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Dorothy S. Small

Keyword(s):

Wind Turbine ◽

Wind Turbines ◽

Wind Profile ◽

Historical Data ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Specific Site ◽

Small Scale ◽

Site Conditions

This paper will evaluate a specific site located in southwestern Virginia, providing design criteria that are important considerations at this site. The evaluation will predict the output from a 6 blade HAWT model at the height and location of the site. As a small scale wind turbine, the process of determination of relevant considerations to establish the turbine selection and output are weighted to establish the evaluation criteria. A review of the specific site conditions are presented in detail. This information includes: three-dimensional topographic review, wind and weather profile of the site and surrounding environmental conditions of the site. With this information the decision path for the specific siting is discussed. Characteristics of the site that will be considered to calculate output are: historical data of wind profile of the region, height of tower, affect of other objects and affect of wind turbulence. A discussion of current modeling options will be compared. The design and components of the small scale wind turbine chosen for this application will be compared to other wind turbines of similar size and cost. Considerations of the turbine that are considered are: size of wind turbine, cost of wind turbine, predictable output of the wind turbine based on design of the various wind turbines, requirements for the tower for each turbine and predicted maintenance for each turbine. Initial performance of the selected turbine will be available by presentation of information.

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Agroecological prospects of the perennial grain crops use in Ukraine and abroad

CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES ◽

10.31651/2076-5835-2018-1-2019-2-20-29 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 20-29

Author(s):

V.P. Karpenko ◽

I.S. Kravets ◽

D.M. Adamenko ◽

O.H. Sukhomud

Keyword(s):

Grain Crops ◽

Perennial Grain

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Reactions of Perennial Grain Accessions to Four Major Cereal Pathogens of the Great Plains

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-1235 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (11) ◽

pp. 1235-1240 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. M. Cox ◽

K. A. Garrett ◽

T. S. Cox ◽

W. W. Bockus ◽

T. Peters

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Disease Management ◽

Great Plains ◽

Tan Spot ◽

Yellow Dwarf ◽

Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽

Grain Crops ◽

Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽

Perennial Grain ◽

Take All

Methods of disease management used in annual grain crops, especially cultural practices designed to disrupt the disease cycle of a particular pathogen, will not necessarily be applicable to perennial grain crops. Resistance to multiple pathogens, therefore, will clearly be important in disease management. The objective of this research was to evaluate disease resistance in 10 perennial grain accessions (one to two accessions of each: perennial wheat (Thinopyrum sp. × Triticum aestivum), intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), perennial rye (Secale montanum), hexaploid triticale (Triticum turgidum × S. montanum), octoploid triticale (Triticum aestivum × S. montanum), tetraploid perennial rye (Secale cereale × S. montanum), and tall wheat-grass (Thinopyrum ponticum)) to tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), take-all (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), wheat streak mosaic, and barley yellow dwarf, four important diseases of the Great Plains. Several of the grasses were resistant to tan spot, barley yellow dwarf, and wheat streak mosaic. Indeed, the wild grasses and perennial donors T. intermedium (including BFPMC1), T. ponticum, and S. montanum, in addition to Permontra, a tetraploid perennial rye, were highly resistant to all three diseases. Additionally, the remaining grasses tested were also more resistant to tan spot than the susceptible wheat control. However, none of the 10 grass accessions appeared highly resistant to take-all, and substantial losses in biomass were observed, although such effects may be moderated under field conditions due to the potential for take-all decline in perennial plantings.

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What Won’t Work

Darwinian Agriculture ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691139500.003.0007 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

R. Ford Denison

Keyword(s):

Landscape Scale ◽

Crop Diversity ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Grain Crops ◽

Local Sources ◽

Perennial Grain ◽

Classic Paper

This chapter considers four ideas—suggested by Wes Jackson and Jon Piper in the classic paper, “The necessary marriage between ecology and agriculture”—for how agriculture might attempt to mimic nature: perennial grain crops; reliance on only local sources of nutrients; polyculture or intercropping (that is, deploying crop diversity as mixtures, as in many natural ecosystems); and reliance on biodiversity to control pests. The chapter examines each of the proposals in light of the conclusion that copying landscape-scale patterns from natural ecosystems is not necessarily a good idea, arguing that all of them are representative of many self-styled “agroecologists.” It also discusses complementarity in crop mixtures, specifically spatial complementarity, temporal complementarity, and nutritional complementarity.

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Perennial Grain Crops: A New Option for the Future Food and Ecoagricultural Environment

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1463 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 361-363 ◽

pp. 1463-1466 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan Min Zhang ◽

Lu Ming Jiang ◽

Yong Peng Li ◽

Chao Tian ◽

Wen Jing Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Production Systems ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Perennial Crop ◽

Grain Crops ◽

The Future ◽

The Status ◽

Agriculture And Environment ◽

Below Ground ◽

Perennial Grain

Although agriculture has traditionally been primarily the concern of the world, it now plays an increasingly important role in how we meet challenges—international food security, environmental protection, climate change, energy supply, economic sustainability, and human health. With population growth and environmental deterioration, the attention about food security and sustainable agriculture is on the increase, and the status of ecological agriculture comes into prominence. Perennial grain crops would address many agricultural problems as well as substantial ecological and economic benefits, which can provide multiple ecosystem services essential for sustainable production more effectively than production systems based on annual crops, such as protecting against soil erosion, conserving water and nutrients, storing more carbon below ground, and building better pest tolerance. This paper presents some of advantages of perennial grain crops as a new option for the food security and ecoagriculture, as well as prospects the significant utilization of perennial crop on sustainability of agriculture and environment in the future.

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