Assessment of alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid formulations for cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rajitha ◽  
G. Kiran Kumar Reddy ◽  
Y.V. Nancharaiah
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

scholarly journals Residual Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces after Cleaning and Disinfection

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 7769-7775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Era Tuladhar ◽  
Wilma C. Hazeleger ◽  
Marion Koopmans ◽  
Marcel H. Zwietering ◽  
Rijkelt R. Beumer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

ABSTRACTEnvironmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens can be sources of indirect transmission, and cleaning and disinfection are common interventions focused on reducing contamination levels. We determined the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures for reducing contamination by noroviruses, rotavirus, poliovirus, parechovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus,Staphylococcus aureus, andSalmonella entericafrom artificially contaminated stainless steel surfaces. After a single wipe with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm free chlorine solution, the numbers of infective viruses and bacteria were reduced by 1 log10for poliovirus and close to 4 log10for influenza virus. There was no significant difference in residual contamination levels after wiping with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm chlorine solution. When a single wipe with liquid soap was followed by a second wipe using 250- or 1,000-ppm chlorine, an extra 1- to 3-log10reduction was achieved, and except for rotavirus and norovirus genogroup I, no significant additional effect of 1,000 ppm compared to 250 ppm was found. A reduced correlation between reduction in PCR units (PCRU) and reduction in infectious particles suggests that at least part of the reduction achieved in the second step is due to inactivation instead of removal alone. We used data on infectious doses and transfer efficiencies to estimate a target level to which the residual contamination should be reduced and found that a single wipe with liquid soap followed by a wipe with 250-ppm free chlorine solution was sufficient to reduce the residual contamination to below the target level for most of the pathogens tested.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Overall and Multidrug-Resistant Organism Bioburden on Environmental Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1426-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia M. Shams ◽  
Laura J. Rose ◽  
Jonathan R. Edwards ◽  
Salvatore Cali ◽  
Anthony D. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Contact Precaution ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Wipe Sampling ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

OBJECTIVETo determine the typical microbial bioburden (overall bacterial and multidrug-resistant organisms [MDROs]) on high-touch healthcare environmental surfaces after routine or terminal cleaning.DESIGNProspective 2.5-year microbiological survey of large surface areas (>1,000 cm2).SETTINGMDRO contact-precaution rooms from 9 acute-care hospitals and 2 long-term care facilities in 4 states.PARTICIPANTSSamples from 166 rooms (113 routine cleaned and 53 terminal cleaned rooms).METHODSUsing a standard sponge-wipe sampling protocol, 2 composite samples were collected from each room; a third sample was collected from eachClostridium difficileroom. Composite 1 included the TV remote, telephone, call button, and bed rails. Composite 2 included the room door handle, IV pole, and overbed table. Composite 3 included toileting surfaces. Total bacteria and MDROs (ie, methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE],Acinetobacter baumannii,Klebsiella pneumoniae, andC. difficile) were quantified, confirmed, and tested for drug resistance.RESULTSThe mean microbial bioburden and range from routine cleaned room composites were higher (2,700 colony-forming units [CFU]/100 cm2; ≤1–130,000 CFU/100 cm2) than from terminal cleaned room composites (353 CFU/100 cm2; ≤1–4,300 CFU/100 cm2). MDROs were recovered from 34% of routine cleaned room composites (range ≤1–13,000 CFU/100 cm2) and 17% of terminal cleaned room composites (≤1–524 CFU/100 cm2). MDROs were recovered from 40% of rooms; VRE was the most common (19%).CONCLUSIONSThis multicenter bioburden summary provides a first step to determining microbial bioburden on healthcare surfaces, which may help provide a basis for developing standards to evaluate cleaning and disinfection as well as a framework for studies using an evidentiary hierarchy for environmental infection control.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;1426–1432

Microbial burden on environmental surfaces in patient rooms before daily cleaning—Analysis of multiple confounding variables

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
John M. Boyce ◽  
Nancy L. Havill ◽  
Kerri A. Guercia ◽  
Brent A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Large Hospital ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Isolation Room ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Medical Wards ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Abstract Objectives: Estimated levels of microbial burden on hospital environmental surfaces vary substantially among published studies. Cultures obtained during a cluster-controlled crossover trial of a quaternary ammonium (Quat) disinfectant versus an improved hydrogen peroxide (IHP) disinfectant provided additional data on the amount of microbial burden on selected surfaces. Methods: RODAC plates containing D/E neutralizing agar were used to sample a convenience sample of 5–8 high-touch surfaces in patient rooms on 2 medical wards, an intensive care unit, and a step-down unit at a large hospital. Before routine daily cleaning, samples were obtained in varying rooms over an 11-month period. RODAC plates (1 per surface sampled) were incubated for 72 hours, and aerobic colony counts per plate (ACCs) were determined. Statistical analysis was used to determine the potential impact on ACCs of study period, cleaning compliance rate, disinfectant used, ward, surface sampled, and isolation room status. Results: Overall, 590 cultures were obtained on Quat wards and 589 on IHP wards. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that mean ACCs differed significantly by site (P < .001), type of ward (P < .001), isolation room status (P = .039), and study period (P = .036). The highest mean ACCs per RODAC plate were on toilet seats (112.8), bedside rails (92.0), and bathroom grab bars (79.5). Conclusions: The combination of factors analyzed revealed that estimating microbial burden is complex and is affected by multiple factors. Additional studies should evaluate individual sites, ward types, cleaning and disinfection practices, and isolation room status.

Soft ionic liquid based resistive memory characteristics in a two terminal discrete polydimethylsiloxane cylindrical microchannel

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (38) ◽  
pp. 13368-13374
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umair Khan ◽  
Gul Hassan ◽  
Jinho Bae
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Resistive Memory ◽  
Cylindrical Microchannel ◽  
Memory Characteristics ◽  
Poly Acrylic Acid

This paper proposes a novel soft ionic liquid (IL) electrically functional device that displays resistive memory characteristics using poly(acrylic acid) partial sodium salt (PAA-Na+:H2O) solution gel and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cylindrical microchannel.

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