Mating displays: the interface of mechanism, function and evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Podos ◽  
Marcela Fernández-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Function

scholarly journals Iliotibial Band Autograft Provides the Fastest Recovery of Knee Extensor Mechanism Function in Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7492
Author(s):  
Tishya L. Wren ◽  
Veronica Beltran ◽  
Mia J. Katzel ◽  
Adriana S. Conrad-Forrest ◽  
Curtis D. VandenBerg
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Extensor Mechanism ◽  
Iliotibial Band ◽  
Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Mechanism Function ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Knee Extensor Mechanism

Iliotibial band autograft is an increasingly popular option for pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this study was to compare recovery of knee extensor mechanism function among pediatric patients who underwent ACLR using iliotibial band (IT), hamstring tendon (HT), quadriceps tendon (QT), and patellar tendon (PT) autografts. One hundred forty-five pediatric athletes (76 female; age 15.0, range 7–21 years) with recent (3–18 months) unilateral ACLR performed drop-jump landing and 45° cutting with 3D motion capture. Knee extensor mechanism function (maximum knee flexion angle, maximum internal knee extensor moment, energy absorption at knee) during the loading phase (foot contact to peak knee flexion) was compared among graft types (20 IT, 29 HT, 39 QT, 57 PT) and sides (ACLR or contralateral) using linear mixed models with sex, age, and time since surgery as covariates. Overall, knee flexion was significantly lower on the operated vs. contralateral side for HT, QT, and PT during both tasks (p < 0.03). All graft types exhibited lower knee extensor moments and energy absorption on the operated side during both movements (p ≤ 0.001). Kinetic asymmetry was significantly lower for IT compared with QT and PT during both movements (p ≤ 0.005), and similar patterns were observed for HT vs. QT and PT (p ≤ 0.07). Asymmetry was similar between IT and HT and between QT and PT. This study found that knee extensor mechanism function recovers fastest in pediatric ACLR patients with IT autografts, followed by HT, in comparison to QT and PT, suggesting that IT is a viable option for returning young athletes to play after ACLR.

scholarly journals A Rubisco-binding protein is required for normal pyrenoid number and starch sheath morphology inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (37) ◽  
pp. 18445-18454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Itakura ◽  
Kher Xing Chan ◽  
Nicky Atkinson ◽  
Leif Pallesen ◽  
Lianyong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Biophysical Mechanism ◽  
Mechanism Function ◽  
And Function

A phase-separated, liquid-like organelle called the pyrenoid mediates CO2fixation in the chloroplasts of nearly all eukaryotic algae. While most algae have 1 pyrenoid per chloroplast, here we describe a mutant in the model algaChlamydomonasthat has on average 10 pyrenoids per chloroplast. Characterization of the mutant leads us to propose a model where multiple pyrenoids are favored by an increase in the surface area of the starch sheath that surrounds and binds to the liquid-like pyrenoid matrix. We find that the mutant’s phenotypes are due to disruption of a gene, which we call StArch Granules Abnormal 1 (SAGA1) because starch sheath granules, or plates, in mutants lacking SAGA1 are more elongated and thinner than those of wild type. SAGA1 contains a starch binding motif, suggesting that it may directly regulate starch sheath morphology. SAGA1 localizes to multiple puncta and streaks in the pyrenoid and physically interacts with the small and large subunits of the carbon-fixing enzyme Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), a major component of the liquid-like pyrenoid matrix. Our findings suggest a biophysical mechanism by which starch sheath morphology affects pyrenoid number and CO2-concentrating mechanism function, advancing our understanding of the structure and function of this biogeochemically important organelle. More broadly, we propose that the number of phase-separated organelles can be regulated by imposing constraints on their surface area.

scholarly journals Cultural Materialism in Lorca’s Poetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 682-691
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Soqandi ◽  
Fatemeh Sadat Basirizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Studies ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Materialism ◽  
Social Mechanism ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
External Point ◽  
Language And Politics ◽  
Mechanism Function ◽  
Do So

The aim of the present research is to investigate Lorca’s poem from cultural materialist point of view. To do so, the researcher investigates how culture and social mechanism function in the context in which the poems have been written. Cultural materialism attempts to investigate different aspects of society, art, economy, language, and politics from an external point of view and analyze them to find out how identity and self are shaped accordingly. Cultural materialism is demonstrated in different categories including gender, ethnic studies, postmodernism, postcolonialism, and other fields. Cultural materialism highlights the relation between a work of art and the ideological system in which it has been created. In other words, cultural, social, religious and several other factors must be accounted for while interpreting a work of art. Consequently, how cultural dogma functions within fine arts in order to produce the internal textures is uncovered through cultural materialism. In Lorca’s poems, the contents have symbolic and metaphoric mechanisms which can be interpreted through material analysis.

scholarly journals Interactome analyses reveal profound proteasome structural and functional rearrangements throughout mammalian spermatogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Zivkovic ◽  
Angelique Sanchez Dafun ◽  
Thomas Menneteau ◽  
Adrien Schahl ◽  
Sandrine Lise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Protein Assembly ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
High Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Mechanism Function

During spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo a series of mitotic and meiotic divisions on their path to spermatozoa. To achieve this, a succession of complex processes requiring high proteolytic activity are in part orchestrated by the proteasome. The spermatoproteasome (s20S) is a proteasome subtype specific to the developing gametes, in which the gamete-specific α4s subunit replaces the α4 isoform found in the constitutive proteasome (c20S). Although the s20S is conserved across species and was shown to be crucial for germ cell development, its mechanism, function and structure remain incompletely characterized. Here, we used advanced mass spectrometry (MS) methods to map the composition of proteasome complexes and their interactomes throughout spermatogenesis. We observed that the s20S becomes highly activated as germ cells enter meiosis, mainly through association with proteasome activators PA200 and 19S. Additionally, the proteasome population shifts from predominantly c20S (98%) to predominantly s20S (>82-92%) during differentiation, presumably due to the shift from α4 to α4s expression. We confirmed that s20S, but not c20S, interacts with components of the synaptonemal complex, the multi-protein assembly that connects homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In vitro, s20S preferentially bind to 19S, and displayed higher trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activities, both with and without PA200 activation. Moreover, using MS methods to monitor protein dynamics, we identified significant differences in domain flexibility between α4 and α4s. We propose that these differences induced by α4s incorporation result in significant changes in the way the s20S interacts with its partners, and dictate its role in germ cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Mind Wandering: Mechanism, Function, and Intervention

Psychology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (12) ◽  
pp. 2662-2672
Author(s):  
Zhun Gong ◽  
Yaru Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Mechanism Function

scholarly journals Apoptosis as anticancer mechanism: function and dysfunction of its modulators and targeted therapeutic strategies

Aging ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppa Pistritto ◽  
Daniela Trisciuoglio ◽  
Claudia Ceci ◽  
Alessia Garufi ◽  
Gabriella D'Orazi
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Anticancer Mechanism ◽  
Mechanism Function ◽  
Targeted Therapeutic

scholarly journals Application of lanthanide luminescence in probing enzyme activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (50) ◽  
pp. 6635-6647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah H. Hewitt ◽  
Stephen J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Enzyme Mechanism ◽  
Lanthanide Luminescence ◽  
Enzyme Reactions ◽  
Mechanism Function

Assays to monitor enzyme reactions are vital for studying enzyme mechanism, function and inhibition. We focus on recent progress in the development of enzyme activity assays using lanthanide(iii) luminescence, covering Ln(iii)-labelled biomolecules, Ln(iii) ion encapsulation within peptide sequences, reactivity-based Ln(iii) probes and discrete Ln(iii) complexes.

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