Background:Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an inflammatory connective tissue disease leading to chronic and progressive fibrosis, typically affecting the skin and internal organs. The alteration of both innate and adaptive immune responses plays a pivotal role in SSc pathophysiology, although it has not yet been fully elucidated [1].Recent findings have demonstrated interleukin (IL)-9 overexpression and significant group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) expansion in patients with SSc. Th9-ILC2-mast cells axis seems to be involved in SSc tissue damage and in the induction of fibrosis [2]. Activation and production of IL-9 by Th9 cells are promoted by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25 and IL-33. Thus, the IL-25 / IL-17RB pathway would act as a key player in SSc.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the IL-25 / IL-17RB axis as a driver in Th9 polarization and ILC2 expansion and polarization in SSc patients.Methods:26 patients were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood and skin biopsy specimens were obtained from SSc patients. PBMCs were isolated and incubated with and without recombinant (r)IL-25 for 24-48-72 hours and the frequencies of Th9 cells, Th17 cells and ILC2 were assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, the ex vivo expression of IL-17RB in ILC2 was also assessed. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed on biopsy skin samples to evaluate IL-17RB expression in ILC2.Results:In SSc samples, Th9 cells frequency progressively increased after stimulation with rIL-25, compared to healthy controls in which IL-9 frequency decreased over time regardless of rIL-25.Simultaneously, we evaluated the role of the IL-25 / IL-17RB axis in Th17 cells.In the SSc pool, the initially low rate of IL-17 increased at 72 hours after stimulation with rIL-25. In unstimulated SSc samples, the initially higher IL-17 rate decreased at 72 hours; conversely, it was consistently low in healthy controls, at both baseline and stimulated conditions.Our results confirmed the presence of IL-25-dependent clonal ILC2 expansion, suggesting a greater and progressive expansion over time in patients with SSc, compared to controls.Interestingly, increased IL-17RB expression was found in circulating ILC2 from SSc patients supporting the characterization of ILC2 inflammatory phenotype.Consistently, immunofluorescence on the skin of SSc patients showed a marked infiltrate of CD3-GATA3+ IL-17RB+ cells, confirming the presence of the activated inflammatory phenotype ILC2, absent in skin biopsies of healthy controls (Figure 1).Conclusion:These preliminary data suggest an active role of the IL-25/IL-17RB axis in SSc. It results in Th9 polarization and Th17 clonal expansion, inducing the production of IL-9 and, to a lesser extent, IL-17. Moreover, in addition to promoting Th9-mediated ILC2 differentiation, IL-25 directs the polarization of ILC2 towards the inflammatory phenotype.References:[1]Denton CP, & Khanna D. (2017). Systemic sclerosis. Lancet (London, England), 390(10103), 1685–1699.[2]Guggino G, Ciccia F, Di Liberto D, Lo Pizzo M, Ruscitti P, Cipriani P, Ferrante A, Sireci G, Dieli F, Fourniè JJ, Giacomelli R, Triolo G. s.l. Interleukin-9 over-expression and T helper 9 polarization in systemic sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol, 2016 Dec.Figure 1.Immunofluorescence on biopsy skin samples of SSc patients (top) and healthy control (bottom).Disclosure of Interests:Lidia La Barbera: None declared, Marianna Lo Pizzo: None declared, Diana Di Liberto: None declared, Claudia Schinocca: None declared, Piero Ruscitti Consultant of: Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Celgene, Abbvie, Rorberto Giacomelli Consultant of: Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Celgene, Abbvie, Francesco Dieli: None declared, francesco ciccia Consultant of: Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Celgene, Abbvie, Giuliana Guggino Consultant of: Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, Celgene, Abbvie
Role of Th9 cells and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of malignant ascites