Effects of Neuromuscular Training on the Reaction Time and Electromechanical Delay of the Peroneus Longus Muscle

Context:Peroneal reaction to sudden inversion has been determined to be too slow to overcome the joint motion. A focused plyometric training program may decrease the muscle's reaction time.Objective:To determine the effect of a 6-wk plyometric training program on peroneus longus reaction time.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:48 healthy volunteers (age 20.0 ± 1.2 y, height 176.1 ± 16.9 cm, weight 74.5 ± 27.9 kg) from a large Midwestern university. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a training group or a control group.Interventions:Independent variables were group at 2 levels (training and no training) and time at 2 levels (pretest and posttest). The dependent variable was peroneal latency measured with surface electromyography. A custom-made trapdoor device capable of inverting the ankle to 30° was also used. Latency data were obtained from the time the trapdoor dropped until the peroneus longus muscle activated. Peroneal latency was measured before and after the 6-wk training period. The no-training group was instructed to maintain current activities. The training group performed a 6-wk plyometric protocol 3 times weekly. Data were examined with a repeated-measures ANOVA with 1 within-subject factor (time at 2 levels) and 1 between-subjects factor (group at 2 levels). A priori alpha level was set at P < .05.Main Outcome Measures:Pretest and posttest latency measurements (ms) were recorded for the peroneus longus muscle.Results:The study found no significant group-by-time interaction (F1,46 = 0.03, P = .87). In addition, there was no difference between the pretest and posttest values (pretest = 61.76 ± 14.81 ms, posttest = 59.24 ± 12.28 ms; P = .18) and no difference between the training and no-training groups (training group = 59.10 ± 12.18 ms, no-training group = 61.79 ± 15.18 ms; P = .43).Conclusions:Although latency measurements were consistent with previous studies, the plyometric training program did not cause significant change in the peroneus longus reaction time.

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Uncommon Development of Acute Isolated Lateral Leg Compartment Syndrome with Peroneus Longus Muscle Tear and Deep Peroneal Nerve Palsy: A Case Report.

The Bangkok Medical Journal ◽

10.31524/bkkmedj.2016.09.009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (01) ◽

pp. 55-57

Author(s):

Worasak Jaichalad ◽

Oubonpun Werajong ◽

Supamongkol Mutchamee ◽

Jintana Hanthaweepun

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Compartment Syndrome ◽

Peroneal Nerve ◽

Nerve Palsy ◽

Peroneal Nerve Palsy ◽

Deep Peroneal Nerve ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Longus Muscle ◽

Muscle Tear

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Effects of immobilizing the cat peroneus longus muscle on the activity of its own spindles

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2629 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 2629-2635 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M. Gioux ◽

J. Petit

Keyword(s):

Short Length ◽

Full Extension ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Longus Muscle ◽

Muscle Compliance ◽

Muscle Spindle Endings ◽

Static Discharge ◽

Distal Tendon ◽

Stimulation Of

The peroneus longus muscle of 10 cats were immobilized by fixating the distal tendon on the fibula at one of two length: neutral (length for a 90 degrees flexion of the ankle joint; 5 cats) or short (length for a full extension of the joint; 5 cats). Spindle afferent discharges were studied after 2 (4 cats) or 5 wk (6 cats) of immobilization and compared with those of four control animals. In each muscle, the discharges of nearly all primary and one of secondary muscle spindle endings were recorded during 2-mm ramp-and-hold stretches applied at different initial muscle lengths. A very slight increase in both the static discharge and the dynamic index of primary endings was observed in passive spindles. The increase in connective tissue that occurs in immobilized muscle and reduces muscle compliance was likely the sole alteration responsible for this constant effect. The responses to stretches of primary endings during stimulation of static and dynamic gamma-axons were not altered. Muscle immobilization at short length, even if spindle properties are not altered, can be expected to reduce the overall amount of group Ia afferent impulses with possible long-term changes on motoneuron properties.

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Properties of motor units after immobilization of cat peroneus longus muscle

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1993.74.3.1131 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 1131-1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. Petit ◽

M. Gioux

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Relaxation Times ◽

Motor Units ◽

Short Length ◽

Low Frequencies ◽

Tetanic Force ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Single Motor Units ◽

Longus Muscle ◽

Selective Immobilization

Changes in contractile properties of cat peroneus longus motor units were studied 2, 5, and 8 wk after selective immobilization of this muscle, which was achieved by fixing the distal tendon of the peroneus longus to the fibula either at the muscle minimal physiological length ("short" length) or at the length for a 90 degree ankle joint ("neutral" length). In each muscle, 75–90% of the units [slow (S), fast resistant to fatigue (FR), fast intermediate (FI), and fast fatigable (FF)] were studied. Immobilization elicited a permanent decrease in tetanic force developed by single motor units, which was larger for resistant-to-fatigue units (S, FR). In most instances this decrease was not related to the immobilization length. In all units, twitch contraction and half-relaxation times underwent a transient increase, the extent and time course of which were influenced by immobilization length. The relationship between the frequency of motor units activation and the ratio of unfused to maximal tetanic force was studied. For fast units, there was a transient shift of the relation toward low frequencies after 2 and 5 wk of immobilization at neutral and short length, respectively.

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Nonlinear Tension Summation of Different Combinations of Motor Units in the Anesthetized Cat Peroneus Longus Muscle

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.771 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 771-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

D. Troiani ◽

G. M. Filippi ◽

F. Andreasi Bassi

Keyword(s):

Stimulus Frequency ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Motor Units ◽

Linear Summation ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Longus Muscle ◽

The Individual ◽

And Shifts ◽

Stimulation Of ◽

Anesthetized Cat

Nonlinear tension summation of different combinations of motor units in the anesthetized cat peroneus longus muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the linearity of summation of the forces produced by the stimulation of different combinations of type identified motor units (MUs) in the cat peroneus longus muscle (PL) under isometric conditions. The muscle was fixed at its twitch optimal length, and the tension produced by the single MU was recorded during 24- and 72-Hz stimulation. The summation analysis was first carried out for MUs belonging to the same functional group, and then different combinations of fast fatigable (FF) MUs were added to the nonfatigable slow (S) and fatigue resistant (FR) group. The tension resulting from the combined stimulation of increasing numbers of MUs (measured tension) was evaluated and compared with the linearly predicted value, calculated by adding algebraically the tension produced by the individual MUs assembled in the combination (calculated tension). Tension summation displayed deviations from linearity. S and FR MUs mainly showed marked more than linear summation; FF MUs yielded either more or less than linear summation; and, when the FF units were recruited after the S and FR MUs, less than linear summation always occurred. The magnitude of the nonlinear summation appeared stimulus frequency dependent for the fatigable FF and FI group. The relationship between measured tension and calculated tension for each MU combination was examined, and linear regression lines were fitted to each set of data. The high correlation coefficients and the different slope values for the different MU-type combinations suggested that the nonlinear summation was MU-type specific. The mechanisms of nonlinear summations are discussed by considering the consequences of internal shortening and thus the mechanical interactions among MUs and shifts in muscle fiber length to a more or less advantageous portion of single MU length-tension curves.

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Location-specific modulations of plantar cutaneous reflexes in human (peroneus longus muscle) are dependent on co-activation of ankle muscles

Experimental Brain Research ◽

10.1007/s00221-009-1802-9 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 195 (3) ◽

pp. 403-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tsuyoshi Nakajima ◽

Masanori Sakamoto ◽

Toshiki Tazoe ◽

Takashi Endoh ◽

Tomoyoshi Komiyama

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Reflexes ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Ankle Muscles ◽

Co Activation ◽

Longus Muscle

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The influence of the Peroneus Longus muscle on the foot under axial loading: A CT evaluated dynamic cadaveric model study

Clinical Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.03.001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 7-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

K. Dullaert ◽

J. Hagen ◽

K. Klos ◽

B. Gueorguiev ◽

M. Lenz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Axial Loading ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Model Study ◽

Longus Muscle ◽

Cadaveric Model

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Comparing the Effects of Peroneal Muscle Fatigue and Cyclic Loading on Ankle Neuromuscular Control During Lateral-Hop Landing

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2014-0165 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 293-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kazem Malmir ◽

Gholam Reza Olyaei ◽

Saeed Talebian ◽

Ali Ashraf Jamshidi

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Muscle Fatigue ◽

Energy Absorption ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Median Frequency ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Main Effect

Context:Cyclic movements and muscle fatigue may result in musculoskeletal injuries by inducing changes in neuromuscular control. Ankle frontal-plane neuromuscular control has rarely been studied in spite of its importance.Objective:To compare the effects of peroneal muscle fatigue and a cyclic passive-inversion (CPI) protocol on ankle neuromuscular control during a lateral hop.Design:Quasi-experimental, repeated measures.Setting:University laboratory.Participants:22 recreationally active, healthy men with no history of ankle sprain or giving way.Interventions:Participants performed a lateral hop before and after 2 interventions on a Biodex dynamometer. They were randomly assigned to intervention order and interventions were 1 wk apart. A passive intervention included 40 CPIs at 5°/s through 80% of maximum range of motion, and a fatigue intervention involved an isometric eversion at 40% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction until the torque decreased to 50% of its initial value.Main Outcome Measures:Median frequency of the peroneus longus during the fatigue protocol, energy absorption by the viscoelastic tissues during the CPI protocol, and feedforward onset and reaction time of the peroneus longus during landing.Results:A significant fall in median frequency (P < .05) and a significant decrease in energy absorption (P < .05) confirmed fatigue and a change in viscoelastic behavior, respectively. There was a significant main effect of condition on feedforward onset and reaction time (P < .05). No significant main effect of intervention or intervention × condition interaction was noted (P > .05). There was a significant difference between pre- and postintervention measures (P < .0125), but no significant difference was found between postintervention measures (P > .0125).Conclusions:Both fatigue and the CPI may similarly impair ankle neuromuscular control. Thus, in prolonged sports competitions and exercises, the ankle may be injured due to either fatigue or changes in the biomechanical properties of the viscoelastic tissues.

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