Dietary lipid and carbohydrate interactions: implications on growth performance, feed utilization and non-specific immunity in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂)

The supplementation of gossypol in excess is noted to cause detrimental effects such as the reduction of antioxidant enzymes and disruption of lipid metabolism in animals. Studies regarding the effects of different levels of gossypol are very rare; thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low and high dietary levels of gossypol and of supplementation with 0.13 % sodium butyrate (NaB) under high gossypol conditions on the growth performance and intestinal health of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Four treatments were used: Feed containing 40% fish meal was used as the control group [fishmeal (FM)], the FM diet plus 0.03% gossypol acetic acid (abbreviated as gossypol) as the low-level gossypol group (gL), FM + 0.15% gossypol was used as the high-level gossypol group (gH), and FM+0.15 % gossypol with 0.13 % NaB as the repair group (gHNaB). All diets were isonitrogenous and isolipidic. The results showed that the gL treatment significantly increased specific growth rate (SGR) and feed utilization; upregulated mRNA levels of distal intestinal transforming growth factor-β1 (tgfβ1), jam, occludin, claudin3, and zo1; and downregulated mRNA levels of il8, ifnγ, and akt. The gH treatment significantly reduced SGR and feed utilization; increased distal intestinal total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) content; upregulated mRNA levels of distal intestinal tnfα, il1β, il6, ifnγ, caspase2, caspase9, and akt; and downregulated mRNA levels of tgfβ1, jam, and zo1. NaB supplementation significantly increased distal intestinal total NOS activity and NO content; downregulated distal intestinal tnfα, il1β, ifnγ, pi3k p85, and akt mRNA levels; and increased distal intestinal tgfβ1, jam, occludin, and zo1 mRNA levels. Above all, low- and high-level gossypol exhibited positive and negative effects on growth performance, distal intestinal anti-inflammatory capacity, and tight junctions, respectively, in hybrid groupers. NaB supplementation improved distal intestinal anti-inflammatory capacity and tight junctions in hybrid groupers to a certain extent.

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Dietary supplementation of betain to improve the growth and feed utilization in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀) juvenile

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.20.1.24-33 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 24-33

Author(s):

Idul La Muhamad ◽

Mia Setiawati ◽

Wiyoto Wiyoto ◽

Julie Ekasari

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Ammonia Excretion ◽

Feed Utilization ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Antioxidative Status ◽

Hybrid Grouper ◽

Randomized Experimental Design ◽

Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus ◽

Feed Utilization Efficiency ◽

Betaine Supplementation

Betaine plays some important roles in feed utilization and fish metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary betaine supplementation on the growth performance and feed utilizationin hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). A completely randomized experimental design with four dietary levels of betaine, i.e.0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% in quadruplicate was done.Hybrid grouper juvenile obtained from Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center, Situbondo, with an initial body length and body weight of 5.89 ± 0.05 cm and 2.86 ± 0.09 g, respectively was used as the tested animal. The fish was maintained in 60 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm aquaria with 75 L working capacity with individual recirculating system with a fish density of 15 fish/aquarium for 50 days. Experimental diet was provided to apparent satiation twice a day. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary betaine at a level of 0.5% resulted in higher feed utilization efficiency, protein and methionine retentions, and growth performance and lower ammonia excretion than those of the control (P<0.05). Higher antioxidative status was indicated by the lower malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver of fish fed with betaine supplemented diets at levels of 1 - 2%. In conclusion, betaine supplementation of 0.5% could increase feed utilization efficiency and growth performance of hybdrid grouper. Keywods: Betaine, Hybrid Grouper, Growth Performance, Feed, Antioxidative Status ABSTRAK Betain memegang beberapa peranan penting dalam pemanfaatan pakan dan metabolisme pada ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi betain pada pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan pakan pada juvenil ikan kerapu hybrid cantang (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan pakan dengan tingkat suplementasi betain yang berbeda, yaitu 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, dan 2.0% dengan empat ulangan. Juvenil ikan kerapu cantang yang berasal dari Balai Pengembangan Budidaya Laut Situbondo dengan panjang dan bobot awal masing-masing 5.89 ± 0.05 cm and 2.86 ± 0.09 g digunakan sebagai hewan uji dalam penelitian ini. Ikan dipelihara dalam akuarium berukuran 60 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm dengan kapasitas 75L yang dilengkapi dengan sistem resirkulasi individu dengan kepadatan 15 ekor per akuarium selama 50 hari. Pakan uji diberikan hingga sekenyangnya dua kali sehari. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi betain sebanyak 0.5% menghasilkan pemanfaatan pakan, retensi protein, retensi metionina, kinerja pertumbuhan dan ekskresi ammonia yang lebih baik daripada kontrol (P<0.05). Status antioksidasi yang lebih juga yang ditunjukkan dengan lebih rendahnya konsentrasi malondialdehid (MDA) pada hati ikan yang diberi pakan dengan suplementasi 1-2% betain. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi betain sebanyak 0.5% dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan dan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan kerapu cantang.

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