Supplementing Mannan Oligosaccharide Reduces the Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin G and Improves Antioxidative Capacity, Immunity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Neonatal Goats

Successful establishment of passive immunity (PIT) and regulation of intestinal microbiota are crucial for ruminants to maintain body health and reduce the risk of disease during the neonatal period. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG), serum inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant levels as well as bacteria composition in the ileal digesta. A total of 14 healthy neonatal Ganxi black goats with similar birth weight (BW: 2.35 ± 0.55 kg) were selected and allocated into two groups, only fed colostrum and milk replacer (CON, n = 7) and supplemented MOS (0.06% of birth BW) in the colostrum and milk replacer (MOS, n = 7). The results indicated that MOS supplementation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum IgG level at 3 and 6 h after colostrum feeding. Serum GLP-1 level of goats in the MOS group was significantly lower (p = 0.001) than that in the CON group. Goats in the MOS group had higher serum CAT and lower MDA level than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Serum anti-inflammatory cytokine level of interleukin 4 (IL-4) was increased (p < 0.05), while pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 level was reduced (p < 0.05) in the MOS group when compared with the CON group. In addition, MOS supplementation remarkably increased (p < 0.05) the level of secretory IgA (sIgA) in the ileal digesta. Principal coordinate analysis of 16S rRNA sequence based on Brinary jaccard, Bray curtis, and weighted UniFrac distance of ileal microbiota showed a distinct microbial differentiation between the CON and MOS groups (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the MOS group was higher than that in the CON group, while the abundance of Verrucomicrobia was lower in the MOS group than that in the CON group at the phylum level (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria tended to decrease (p = 0.078) in the MOS group at the phylum level. The results of LEfSe analysis showed that MOS group was characterized by a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus, while the CON group was represented by a higher relative abundance of Akkermansia and Ruminiclostridium_5. Our findings demonstrated that MOS supplementation during the neonatal period increases antioxidant capacity and reduces the inflammatory response, and promotes IgA secretion and Lactobacillus colonization in the ileum. Thus, MOS induced positive effects are more pronounced in neonatal goats that might be an effective approach to maintain intestinal health and improve the surviving rate of neonatal ruminants.

Mannan Oligosaccharide Enhanced the Growth Rate, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Carcass Composition, and Blood Chemistry of Thinlip Grey Mullet (Liza ramada)

Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is prebiotic with high functionality in aquaculture. The current study investigated the potential roles of MOS on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, carcass composition, and blood chemistry of Thinlip grey mullet (Liza ramada). Four tested diets with 34.49% crude protein and 6.29% of total lipids were prepared and fortified with 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% MOS. Fish of initial weight = 5.14 ± 0.11 g/fish were distributed in 12 hapas (0.5 × 0.5 × 1 m) at 15 fish per hapa (triplicates) and fed the test diets to the satiation level two times a day (08:00 and 15:00) for eight weeks. At the end of the trial, all fish were weighed individually for growth performance calculation. Blood was collected to check blood chemistry traits, and intestines were dissected for digestive enzyme analysis. Fish treated with MOS had marked enhancement in the final body weight, feed conversion ratio, protein gain, and protein retention regardless of inclusion dose (p < 0.05). The weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio were meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 0.5 and 1%, followed by fish fed with 2% MOS, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). Insignificant influences of MOS were seen on the chemical composition of carcass components (moisture, crude protein, total lipids, and ash) (p > 0.05). Fish treated with MOS at 0.5 and 1% had marked enhancement in the amylase, lipase, and protease activities regardless of inclusion dose (p < 0.05). The blood total protein and albumin levels were meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 0.5 and 1%, followed by fish fed with 2% MOS, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). The blood globulin was significantly enhanced in fish fed 1% MOS than fish treated with 0, 0.5, and 2% of MOS (p < 0.05). The blood lysozyme activity was meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 1%, followed by fish treated with 0.5 and 2%, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). Phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were markedly improved in fish treated with 1 and 2% MOS, followed by those fed 0.5% compared with fish fed MOS-free diet (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were markedly improved in fish treated with 1, and 2% MOS, followed by those fed 0.5% compared with fish fed MOS-free diet (p < 0.05). Dietary MOS (0.5, 1, and 2%) meaningfully enhanced catalase activity while decreased the malondialdehyde concentration (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary MOS is required at 0.5–1% for enhancing the growth rate, feed efficiency, digestive enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and antioxidative capacity of grey mullet.

Effects of Mannan-Oligosaccharide Supplementation On Gut Health, Immunity, and Production Performance of Broilers

The study was designed to investigate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal histomorphology, immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and productive parameters of broilers. A total of 1800 day old broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain were selected and randomly assorted into 6 treatment groups: T1 (basal diet without antibiotics as negative control); T2 (basal diet plus antibiotics as positive control group); T3 (basal diet plus 200g/ton MOS); T4 (basal diet plus 400g/ton MOS); T5 (basal diet plus 600g/ton MOS) and T6 (basal diet plus 800g/ton MOS). Each treatment was having 6 replicates and the feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that, MOS supplemented birds have significantly higher feed intake, weight gain and FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, supplementation of MOS showed positive effect on villus height and crypt depth both in jejunum and ilium. Goblet cell density was unaffected by MOS addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with diets containing MOS, exhibited better productive performance in comparison to positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, MOS can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as non-microbial performance-enhancing feed advocates.

Inclusions of probiotics and prebiotics in diet for coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus nursery

Coral trout is one of marine fishery commodities with high economic value. This grouper fish has limited ability in the utilization of artificial feed. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the effectiveness of probiotics and prebiotics inclusions in diet to increase growth of coral trout. Fish was reared in fiber tanks 300-L with a density of 30 fish/tank. Fish weight and length were 3.7±0.1 g and 6.3±0.1 cm, respectively. Each tank was equipped with a flowing water system and aeration as a source of oxygen supply. The feed was formulated with 48% protein and 9% lipid. Treatments were inclusion of probiotics in diet (diet A), inclusion of mannan oligosaccharide/MOS (diet B), inclusion of probiotic + mannan oligosaccharide/MOS (diet C), and diet D as control. The study was conducted in a complete randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Fish fed trial diets with a frequency of 3 times a day at satiation. The parameters observed were growth, feed efficiency, feed digestibility, bacteria density and immunity. The data obtained were analysed with anova followed by LSD. The results showed that diet with the probiotic content promoted better growth and feed efficiency of coral trout compared to the other treatments. The highest growth of coral trout fingerlings was obtained by fish fed diet A (added with probiotics) with a weight gain of 794.86%. While fish fed diet containing probiotics and prebiotic (diet C) showed a lower growth response (weight gain 641.26%) than those fed diet with probiotics and prebiotics (MOS) separately. Survival during the study for all treatments ranged from 90.00% to 93.33%.

Effects of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Body Composition and Haematological Parameters in Asian Catfish (Clarias batrachus) Juveniles

The influence of dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and haematological parameters were evaluated in Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus) juveniles. Triplicate groups of juveniles Asian catfish (21.23 ± 1.01 g) were fed twice per day at 3 % of body weight for 12 weeks, with 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6% MOS diets. Compared to control, those fed with MOS supplemented diets had significantly improved (P<0.05) specific growth rates, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate. Significantly lower hepatosomatic index was noted in 0.2% and 0.4% MOS diets compared to those fish fed control. Similarly, intraperitoneal fat was significantly lowest in those fish fed with 0.4% diet over the control group. The highest protein content was (81.86±0.36) in fish fed with 0.4% MOS diet, whereas ash content was highest (7.33±1.23) in fish group fed with 0.6% MOS. Significantly decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and increased packed cell volume were observed when the fish fed with 0.4% and 0.6% MOS diets compared to the remaining treatments. MOS supplemented diets showed significant influence on the white blood cell count compared to the control. Thus, 0.4% MOS is sufficient to improve growth and haematological parameters in Asian catfish.

Prebiotic Mannan Oligosaccharide Pretreatment Improves Mice Survival Against Lethal Effects of Gamma Radiation by Protecting GI Tract and Hematopoietic Systems

Total body irradiation (TBI) results in critical injuries in a dose dependent manner that primarily damages highly proliferating tissues including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and intestinal crypt stem cells etc. This may result in hematopoietic syndrome leading to bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal syndrome leading to chronic intestinal functional alterations. Death results from the gastrointestinal syndrome due to sepsis, bleeding, dehydration, and multi-system organ failure. We demonstrate that the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) pretreatment substantially prolongs survival in both male and female mice when administered 2 h prior to radiation either through oral or intraperitoneal route. The radioprotective efficacy of MOS was found to be age dependent and improves survival even in aged mice (12–13 months old). MOS pretreatment effectively abrogates radiation-induced hematopoietic injury and accelerates recovery of lymphocytes and WBCs and alleviates depletion of circulatory blood cells. Results also illustrate that MOS pretreatment abolishes crypt cell death and denudation of villi in comparison to the respective irradiated animals and ameliorates the overall radiation-induced damage to the GI system. MOS pretreatment facilitates intestinal recovery leading to enhanced animal survival demonstrating its protection efficacy against TBI induced mortality. Moreover, MOS pretreated animals show signs of accelerated recovery in terms of severity of radiation sickness symptoms including weight loss and completely abolish TBI associated mortality.