Prelude to The Moon: Science, Technology, Utilization and Human Exploration

The human exploration of planetary bodies started with the Apollo missions to the Moon, which provided valuable lessons learned and experience for the future human exploration. Based on that, the design of hardware and operations need to further be developed to also overcome the new challenges, which arise when planning crewed missions to Mars and beyond. This chapter provides an overview about the environment and structure of the Red Planet and discusses the challenges on operations and hardware correlated to it. It further provides insights into the considerations regarding the hardware development which need to be investigated and defined before launching a crewed mission to Mars.

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Human exploration and settlement of the moon using lunox-augmented NTR propulsion

10.1063/1.47130 ◽

1995 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stanley K. Borowski ◽

Donald W. Culver ◽

Melvin J. Bulman

Keyword(s):

The Moon ◽

Human Exploration

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Geological Characteristics of the Moon

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.90 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Long Xiao ◽

James W. Head

Keyword(s):

The Moon ◽

Planetary Evolution ◽

Geological Characteristics ◽

Lunar Interior ◽

Geological Processes ◽

Sequence Of Events ◽

Geological Features ◽

History Of ◽

Lunar Evolution ◽

Human Exploration

The geological characteristics of the Moon provide the fundamental data that permit the study of the geological processes that have formed and modified the crust, that record the state and evolution of the lunar interior, and that identify the external processes that have been important in lunar evolution. Careful documentation of the stratigraphic relationships among these features can then be used to reconstruct the sequence of events and the geological history of the Moon. These results can then be placed in the context of the geological evolution of the terrestrial planets, including Earth. The Moon’s global topography and internal structures include landforms and features that comprise the geological characteristics of its surface. The Moon is dominated by the ancient cratered highlands and the relatively younger flat and smooth volcanic maria. Unlike the current geological characteristics of Earth, the major geological features of the Moon (impact craters and basins, lava flows and related features, and tectonic scarps and ridges) all formed predominantly in the first half of the solar system’s history. In contrast to the plate-tectonic dominated Earth, the Moon is composed of a single global lithospheric plate (a one-plate planet) that has preserved the record of planetary geological features from the earliest phases of planetary evolution. Exciting fundamental outstanding questions form the basis for the future international robotic and human exploration of the Moon.

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Contemporary Practice of the United States Interpretation of Treaties

The American Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/s0002930000108115 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 147-147

Keyword(s):

Outer Space ◽

The United States ◽

Vienna Convention ◽

General Counsel ◽

The Moon ◽

Customary International Law ◽

Science Technology ◽

Celestial Bodies ◽

Un General Assembly ◽

Contemporary Practice

At a hearing on the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the Moon Treaty), adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 5, 1979, which the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation held on July 29, 1980, S. Neil Hosenball, General Counsel of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and U.S. representative on the UN Outer Space Legal Subcommittee, stated that interpretation of the Agreement depended upon its negotiating history as required by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) and by customary international law.

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Antarctica and the modern geographical imagination (1918–1960)

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400014169 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 33 (184) ◽

pp. 47-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Klaus J. Dodds

Keyword(s):

Outer Space ◽

Geographical Information ◽

The Moon ◽

Geographical Imagination ◽

Antarctic Expedition ◽

The Face ◽

Aerial Mapping ◽

Human Exploration ◽

The Antarctic

AbstractThis paper examines how different technologies of exploration and mapping transformed human understanding of the Antarctic in the period 1918–1960. In the aftermath of the ‘heroic’ expeditions, European and American governments began to invest considerable monies in support of national expeditions for the purpose of claiming and mapping the polar continent. The collection of practical geographical information during the inter-war period was overtaken by the advent of polar aviation and aerial mapping in the 1930s. The aeroplane and the aerial camera played key parts in expanding stores of knowledge about the continent and altering perceptions of place. Finally, the paper considers the 1955–1958 Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE). This venture was significant because it was widely understood to be the final chapter in the geographical and scientific assualt on the Antarctic. The TAE was the high point of polar achievement, as a range of technologies were brought to bear on the surface of the Antarctic icesheet. Thereafter, the cultural and political significance of the polar continent changed in the face of new challenges for human exploration in the realms of outer space and the Moon.

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