Characterization and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ionic species in PM2.5 during a wintertime particle pollution episode in Nanjing, China

2021 ◽  
pp. 105769
Author(s):  
Yangzhihao Zhan ◽  
Min Xie ◽  
Da Gao ◽  
Tijian Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Pollution Episode ◽  
Particle Pollution

Characterization and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ionic species in PM2.5 in Taiyuan city, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiusheng He ◽  
Yulong Yan ◽  
Lili Guo ◽  
Yanli Zhang ◽  
Guixiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Source Analysis

scholarly journals Characteristics, seasonality and sources of carbonaceous and ionic components in the tropical Indian aerosols

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 3937-3976 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Pavuluri ◽  
K. Kawamura ◽  
S. G. Aggarwal ◽  
T. Swaminathan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ionic Components

Abstract. To better characterize South and Southeast Asian aerosols, PM10 samples collected from tropical Chennai, India (13.04° N; 80.17° E) were analyzed for carbonaceous and water-soluble ionic components. Concentration ranges of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were 2.4–14 μg m−3 and 3.2–15.6 μg m−3 in winter samples whereas they were 1.1–2.5 μg m−3 and 4.1–17.6 μg m−3 in summer samples, respectively. Concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC) retrieved from EC-tracer method was 4.6 ± 2.8 μg m−3 in winter and 4.3 ± 2.8 μg m−3 in summer. SO42- (8.8 ± 2.5 μg m−3 and 4.1 ± 2.7 μg m−3 in winter and summer, respectively) was found as the most abundant ionic species (57% on average, n = 49), followed by NH4+ (15%) > NO3− > Cl− > K+> Na+ > Ca2+ > MSA− > Mg2+. The mass fractions of EC, organic matter (OM) and ionic species varied seasonally, following the air mass trajectories and corresponding source strength. Based on mass concentration ratios of selected components and relations of EC and OC to marker species, we found that biofuel/biomass burning is the major source of atmospheric aerosols in South and Southeast Asia. The high concentrations of SOC and WSOC/OC ratios (ave. 0.45; n = 49) as well as good correlations between SOC and WSOC suggest that the secondary production of organic aerosols during long-range atmospheric transport is also significant in this region. This study provides the baseline data of carbonaceous aerosols for southern part of the Indian subcontinent.

scholarly journals Changes in PM<sub>2.5</sub> peat combustion source profiles with atmospheric aging in an oxidation flow reactor

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 5475-5501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith C. Chow ◽  
Junji Cao ◽  
L.-W. Antony Chen ◽  
Xiaoliang Wang ◽  
Qiyuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Combustion Source ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Source Profiles

Abstract. Smoke from laboratory chamber burning of peat fuels from Russia, Siberia, the USA (Alaska and Florida), and Malaysia representing boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions was sampled before and after passing through a potential-aerosol-mass oxidation flow reactor (PAM-OFR) to simulate intermediately aged (∼2 d) and well-aged (∼7 d) source profiles. Species abundances in PM2.5 between aged and fresh profiles varied by several orders of magnitude with two distinguishable clusters, centered around 0.1 % for reactive and ionic species and centered around 10 % for carbon. Organic carbon (OC) accounted for 58 %–85 % of PM2.5 mass in fresh profiles with low elemental carbon (EC) abundances (0.67 %–4.4 %). OC abundances decreased by 20 %–33 % for well-aged profiles, with reductions of 3 %–14 % for the volatile OC fractions (e.g., OC1 and OC2, thermally evolved at 140 and 280 ∘C). Ratios of organic matter (OM) to OC abundances increased by 12 %–19 % from intermediately aged to well-aged smoke. Ratios of ammonia (NH3) to PM2.5 decreased after intermediate aging. Well-aged NH4+ and NO3- abundances increased to 7 %–8 % of PM2.5 mass, associated with decreases in NH3, low-temperature OC, and levoglucosan abundances for Siberia, Alaska, and Everglades (Florida) peats. Elevated levoglucosan was found for Russian peats, accounting for 35 %–39 % and 20 %–25 % of PM2.5 mass for fresh and aged profiles, respectively. The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fractions of PM2.5 were over 2-fold higher in fresh Russian peat (37.0±2.7 %) than in Malaysian (14.6±0.9 %) peat. While Russian peat OC emissions were largely water-soluble, Malaysian peat emissions were mostly water-insoluble, with WSOC ∕ OC ratios of 0.59–0.71 and 0.18–0.40, respectively. This study shows significant differences between fresh and aged peat combustion profiles among the four biomes that can be used to establish speciated emission inventories for atmospheric modeling and receptor model source apportionment. A sufficient aging time (∼7 d) is needed to allow gas-to-particle partitioning of semi-volatilized species, gas-phase oxidation, and particle volatilization to achieve representative source profiles for regional-scale source apportionment.

scholarly journals Carbonaceous components, levoglucosan and inorganic ions in tropical aerosols from Tanzania, East Africa: implication for biomass burning contribution to organic aerosols

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 28661-28703 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Mkoma ◽  
K. Kawamura ◽  
P. Fu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol samples of PM2.5 and PM10 were collected at a rural site in Tanzania in 2011 during wet and dry seasons and they were analysed for carbonaceous components, levoglucosan and water-soluble inorganic ions. The mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 28.2&amp;pm;6.4 μg m−3 and 47&amp;pm;8.2 μg m−3 in wet season, and 39.1&amp;pm;9.8 μg m−3 and 61.4&amp;pm;19.2 μg m−3 in dry season, respectively. Total carbon (TC) accounted for 16–19% of the PM2.5 mass and 13–15% of the PM10 mass. On average, 85.9 to 88.7% of TC in PM2.5 and 87.2 to 90.1% in PM10 was organic carbon (OC), of which 67–72% and 63% was found to be water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Water-soluble potassium (K+) and sulphate (SO42−) in PM2.5 and, sodium (Na+) and SO42− in PM10 were the dominant ionic species. We found, that concentrations of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan and mannosan) well correlated with non-sea-salt-K+, WSOC and OC in the aerosols from Tanzania, East Africa. Mean contributions of levoglucosan to OC ranged between 3.9–4.2% for PM2.5 and 3.5–3.8% for PM10. This study demonstrates that emissions from biomass- and biofuel-burning activities followed by atmospheric photochemical processes mainly control the air quality in Tanzania.

Variation in carbonaceous and ionic species at a rural receptor location in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijay Sharma ◽  
Anurag J. Polana ◽  
Jingying Mao ◽  
Shiguo Jia ◽  
Sayantan Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Indo Gangetic Plain

&lt;p&gt;The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the world&amp;#8217;s most populated river basins housing more than 700 million people. Apart from being a major source region of aerosols, the IGP is affected by transported aerosols from the Thar Desert, forest-fires and open burning of crop waste from central India. Studies have been carried out to understand the aerosol chemical composition and optical properties in source regions of IGP but knowledge is severely lacking for receptor locations viz. eastern IGP (eIGP). To address this, the present study reports the seasonal variability of carbonaceous and ionic species in ambient PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; from a rural receptor location (Mohanpur, West Bengal) along with insights on aerosol acidity, its neutralization and potential source regimes. A total of 88 PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; samples collected during the summer, post-monsoon and winter seasons of 2018 were analyzed for SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, F&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3-&lt;/sup&gt;, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) fractions. Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) were the dominating ionic species throughout the seasons (67-86% out of the total ionic species measured). Significant positive Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; depletion in summer (49&amp;#177;20%) pointed towards influx of marine air while negative depletion in post-monsoon and winter suggested a biomass burning (BB) source, which was further supported by concentration-weighted trajectory analysis. Strong acidity was found to be highest during post-monsoon (141&amp;#177;76 nmol m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;), followed by winter (117&amp;#177;36 nmol m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) and summer (40&amp;#177;14 nmol m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) with significant differences between summer and the other seasons. Neutralization factor (N&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;) and equivalent charge ratio of cation to anion (R&lt;sub&gt;C/A&lt;/sub&gt;) revealed that summertime aerosols were neutral in nature while those of post-monsoon and winter were comparatively acidic with NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; being the major neutralizing agent throughout the seasons. Correlations between WSOC and OC fractions (OC1, OC2, OC3 and OC4) suggested secondary formation of summertime WSOC (WSOC vs OC3: r=0.48, p&lt;0.05) via photochemical oxidation of volatile organic carbons (VOCs) while that of post-monsoon (WSOC vs OC1, OC2, OC3: r=0.45-0.62, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&lt;0.05) and winter (WSOC vs OC1, OC2, OC3: r=0.58-0.68, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&lt;0.05), both primary and secondary pathways seem important. To elucidate the role of BB, we looked into the two components of EC i.e., char-EC (EC1-PC) and soot-EC (EC2+EC3). The percent contribution of char-EC to EC was 65&amp;#177;17%, 90&amp;#177;10% and 98&amp;#177;1% during summer, post-monsoon and winter, respectively. Along with this, char-EC/soot-EC ratios of 2.3&amp;#177;1.8, 17.6&amp;#177;16.4 and 50.3&amp;#177;18.6 during summer, post-monsoon and winter, respectively, and significant correlations of the same with the BB-tracer K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; (post-monsoon: r=0.78, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&lt;0.001; winter: r=0.64, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&lt;0.01) indicated the importance of BB emissions in constraining carbonaceous aerosol profiles during post-monsoon and winter.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Water-Soluble Ionic Characteristics of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer over the Yellow Sea during the KORUS-AQ Campaign

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-483
Author(s):  
Joo Wan Cha ◽  
Beomchel Shin ◽  
Hee-Jung Ko ◽  
Yun Kyu Lim ◽  
Sang-Boom Ryoo
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Aerosol Mass Concentration ◽  
Stationary Sources

AbstractMajor compositions of water-soluble ionic species in particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 μm in diameter (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively) over the Yellow Sea were collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign in 2016 onboard the research vessel Gisang 1. The secondary ionic species (NH4+, nss-SO42−, and NO3−) in PM10 and PM2.5 accounted for 84% and 89% of the total analyzed species. NH4+ was strongly correlated with non-sea salt (nss) SO42− (nss-SO42−) in PM10 and PM2.5; NO3− was closely correlated with Na+, Mg2+, and nss-Ca2+ in PM10 and NH4+ in PM2.5. High mass concentrations of methane sulfonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3−), the main source of natural sulfates over the Yellow Sea, were observed. The concentrations of MSA were found to show an increasing trend over the Yellow Sea in recent years. Biogenic sulfur contributions to the total nss-SO42− (MSA/nss-SO42− ratio) over the Yellow Sea ranged from 1.4% to 9.2% in PM10 and from 0.68% to 9.5% in PM2.5 during the cruise. Thus, biogenic nss-SO42− must be included, especially in the spring and early summer seasons, when biological activities are elevated in Northeast Asia. We classified the high aerosol mass concentration cases such as Asian dust and haze cases. In Asian dust cases, the ratio of NO3− to nss-SO42− in the aerosols showed that mobile (stationary) sources mainly affected PM10 (PM2.5). The major chemical species for Asian dust cases over the Yellow sea were CaCO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Na(NO3)2, and sea salt. In haze cases over the Yellow sea, the contributions from stationary sources are high and the major species were (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively.

scholarly journals Chemical Characteristics and Source Analysis of Aerosol Composition over the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring and Autumn

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 3563-3573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Hong-Hai Zhang ◽  
Gui-Peng Yang ◽  
Qiu-Lin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
The Bohai Sea

Abstract The total suspended particulate (TSP) samples over the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea were collected during two cruises in spring and autumn in 2012. Concentrations of water-soluble ions {Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3 −, SO42−, and CH3SO3 − [methanesulfonic acid (MSA)]} and trace metals (Al, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and V) were measured. Mass concentrations of TSP samples ranged from 65.2 to 136 μg m−3 in spring and from 15.9 to 70.3 μg m−3 in autumn, with average values of 100 ± 22.4 and 40.2 ± 17.8 μg m−3, respectively. The aerosol was acidic throughout the sampling periods according to calculation of equivalent concentrations of the cations (NH4+, nss-Ca2+, and nss-K+) and anions (nss-SO42− and NO3 −). Correlation analysis and enrichment factors revealed that the aerosol composition in the coastal marine atmosphere had a feature of a mixture of air masses: that is, crustal, marine, and anthropogenic emissions. Trace metals were enriched by a wide range of 1–103, and enrichment factors for crustal source (EFc) were relatively higher in spring. Species like Cd, Zn, and Pb had an overwhelming contribution from anthropogenic sources. In addition, the concentrations of MSA varied from 0.0075 to 0.17 and from 0.0019 to 0.018 μg m−3 during the spring and autumn cruises, respectively, with means of 0.061 and 0.012 μg m−3, respectively. Based on the observed MSA and nss-SO42− concentrations in spring and autumn, the relative biogenic sulfur contributions to nss-SO42− were estimated to be 8.0% and 3.5% on average, respectively, implying that anthropogenic sources had a dominant contribution to the sulfur budget over the observational area.

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