particulate matters
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswaranjan Paital

Although vaccines are successfully developed against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), and many anticancer, anti-malarial, antibiotic drugs have been repurposed against the disease, it has been just impossible to save valuable human lives in specific conditions. Therefore, medical care has been developed against COVID-19 but not fully able to save human life from the disease. As a result, the third wave is noticed in many countries. Preventive methods such as social distancing, wearing masks, and hand salinization have been accepted as the main strategies to break the chain of the disease. Due to the reduction in pollution under less or no industrial and vehicular operations, water and air ecosystems have been restored in an unseen manner. Especially, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and particulate matters etc. modulated higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 in humans have also been emphatically documented. Therefore, along with medical care, environmental protection (especially to regulate NO<sub>2</sub> emissions) along with practicing COVID-19 guidelines is to be maintained fully to combat COVID-19 the disease. Human beings must use this knowledge and experience as a spotlight to save nature in current and future times.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taewoong Son ◽  
Youn-Joo Cho ◽  
Hyunseung Lee ◽  
Mi Young Cho ◽  
Byeongwoo Goh ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: There has been growing concern regarding the impact of air pollution, especially fine dust, on human health. However, it is difficult to estimate the toxicity of fine dust on the human body because of its diverse effects depending on the composition and environmental factors.Results: In this study, we focused on the difference in the biodistribution of fine dust according to the size distribution of particulate matter after inhalation into the body to predict its impact on human health. We synthesized Cy7-doped silica particulate matters (CSPMs) having different particle sizes and employed them as model fine dust, and studied their whole-body in vivo biodistribution in BALB/c nude mice. Image-tracking and quantitative analysis were performed on the ex vivo organs and tissues. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis of single cells isolated from the lungs was performed. Smaller particles with a diameter of less than 100 nm (CSPM0.1) were observed to be removed relatively rapidly from the lungs upon initial inhalation. However, they were confirmed to accumulate continuously over 4 weeks of observation. In particular, smaller particles were found to spread rapidly to other organs during the early stages of inhalation.Conclusions: It is expected that the effect of fine dust on human health can be predicted through the differences in in vivo behavior that arise depending on the particle size. This study might provide with insights on association between CSPM0.1 accumulation in several organs including the lungs and adverse effect to underlying diseases in the organs.


2022 ◽  
pp. 1066-1102
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Hamid Omidvarborna ◽  
Kaushik K. Shandilya

Climate records kept worldwide clearly show that ongoing changes are happening in our eco-systems. Such climate changes include temperature, precipitation, or sea level, all of which are expected to keep changing well into the future, thereby affecting human health, the environment, and the economy. The natural causes by themselves are not able to describe these changes, so to understand these, scientists are using a combination of state-of-the-science measurements and models. Human activities are a major contributor due to the release of different air contaminants through various activities. Air pollution is one case-in-point, a human-made factor that contributes to climate change by affecting the amount of incoming sunlight that is either reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere. An overview of modeling techniques used to relate air quality and climate change is presented. The discussion includes the role of air pollution levels affecting the climate. Emerging topics such as black carbon (BC), fine particulate matters (PMs), role of cook stove, and risk assessment are also covered.


Energy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 121951
Author(s):  
Ali M.A. Attia ◽  
A.R. Kulchitskiy ◽  
Mohamed Nour ◽  
Ahmed I. El-Seesy ◽  
Sameh A. Nada

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-593
Author(s):  
Tae-Han Kim ◽  
Boo-Hun Choi ◽  
Joongjin Kook

Background and objective: Illegal open-air incineration, which is criticized as a leading source of air pollutants among agricultural activities, currently requires constant effort and attention. Countries around the world have been undertaking studies on the emission of heavy metal substances in fine dust discharged during the incineration process. A precise analytical method is required to examine the harmful effects of particulate pollutants on the human body.Methods: In order to simulate open-air incineration, the infrastructure needed for incineration tests complying with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 5G was built, and a large-area analysis was conducted on particulate pollutants through automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For the test specimen, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste collected by the DangJin Office located in Choongcheongnam-do was used. To increase the identifiability of the analyzed particles, the incineration experiment was conducted in an incinerator three times after dividing the film waste into 200 g specimens.Results: Among the metal particulate matters detected in the HDPE waste incineration test, transition metals included C (20.8-37.1 wt%) and O (33.7-37.9 wt%). As for other chemical matters, the analysis showed that metal particulate matters such as metalloids, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals reacted to C and C-O. Si, a representative metalloid, was detected at 14.8-20.8 wt%, showing the highest weight ratio except for C and O.Conclusion: In this study, the detection of metal chemicals in incinerated particulate matters was effectively confirmed through SEM-EDS. The results of this study verified that HDPE waste adsorbs metal chemicals originating from soil due to its own properties and deterioration, and that when incinerated, it emits particulate matters containing transition metals and other metals that contribute to the excessive production and reduction of reactive oxygen species.


Author(s):  
Pankaj Mehta ◽  
Jennifer Ngangbam ◽  
Neelam Thakur ◽  
Navneet Kaur

The explosive global change in the emissions of Sulphur dioxide (SO2) over the decades have brought about tremendous effects in the regional as well as global scale in the composition and quality of air that we breathe. The global SO2 emission peaked in the 1970s, decreased until 2000 and has risen to peak again mainly as the result of increased globalization in developing countries. The global estimation is surprisingly low but the regional output of SO2 is high. The main hotspots being in East Asia Countries. The Sulphur aerosols not only impacts the animals’ health, but those of the ecosystems at large. SO2 contributes to global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, smog etc. that has brought disastrous environmental conditions. WHO recommends a maximum exposure of not more than 0.5 ppm for around 24 hours’ span. SO2 reacts with other gases to form sulphate particles, constituent of particulate matters i.e. PM 2.5 concentrations, the exposure to which causes skin, respiratory, reproductive failures and cardiovascular ailments. This study, as such, is meant to bring into light the sources of SO2 and its harmful effects on health and environment at large. Air pollution is a major issue with adverse effects prevailing over the globe at present.


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