Mutation effects on FAS1 domain 4 based on structure and solubility

This study aimed to evaluate the general quality of life (QoL) of Brazilian vegetarians. A cross-sectional study was conducted with Brazilian vegetarian adults (18 years old and above). Individuals were recruited to participate in a nationwide online survey that comprised the WHOQOL-BREF as well as sociodemographic and characterization questions related to vegetarianism. The WHOQOL-BREF is composed of 24 items which are divided into four domains (domain 1: physical health; domain 2: psychological well-being; domain 3: social relationships; and domain 4: environment), plus two general items which were analyzed separately, totaling 26 items. The answers from the questionnaire were converted into scores with a 0–100 scale range, with separate analyses for each domain. Results were compared among groups based on the different characteristics of the vegetarian population. A total of 4375 individuals completed the survey. General average score results were 74.67 (domain 1), 66.71 (domain 2), 63.66 (domain 3) and 65.76 (domain 4). Vegans showed better scores when compared to the other vegetarians, except in domain four, where the statistical difference was observed only for semi-vegetarians (lower score). Individuals adopting a vegetarian diet for longer (>1 year) showed better results for domains one and two, with no difference for the other domains. Having close people also adopting a vegetarian diet positively influenced the results for all domains. On the other hand, it was not possible to distinguish any clear influence of the motivation for adopting a vegetarian diet on the scores’ results. Adopting a vegetarian diet does not have detrimental effects on one’s QoL. In fact, the more plant-based the diet, and the longer it was adopted, the better the results were.

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Group II intron domain 5 facilitates a trans-splicing reaction.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.8.6.2361 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 2361-2366 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

K A Jarrell ◽

R C Dietrich ◽

P S Perlman

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Group Ii Intron ◽

Intron Sequence ◽

Trans Splicing ◽

Group Ii ◽

Self Splicing ◽

Yeast Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Domain 4

A self-splicing group II intron of yeast mitochondrial DNA (aI5g) was divided within intron domain 4 to yield two RNAs that trans-spliced in vitro with associated trans-branching of excised intron fragments. Reformation of the domain 4 secondary structure was not necessary for the trans reaction, since domain 4 sequences were shown to be dispensable. Instead, the trans reaction depended on a previously unpredicted interaction between intron domain 5, the most highly conserved region of group II introns, and another region of the RNA. Domain 5 was shown to be essential for cleavage at the 5' splice site. It stimulated that cleavage when supplied as a trans-acting RNA containing only 42 nucleotides of intron sequence. The relevance of our findings to in vivo trans-splicing mechanisms is discussed.

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Adaptation of the Endogenous Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi clyA-Encoded Hemolysin for Antigen Export Enhances the Immunogenicity of Anthrax Protective Antigen Domain 4 Expressed by the Attenuated Live-Vector Vaccine Strain CVD 908-htrA

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.72.12.7096-7106.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 72 (12) ◽

pp. 7096-7106 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

James E. Galen ◽

Licheng Zhao ◽

Magaly Chinchilla ◽

Jin Yuan Wang ◽

Marcela F. Pasetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Protective Antigen ◽

Expression System ◽

Dna Encoding ◽

Protein Fusion ◽

Vector Vaccine ◽

Interleukin 5 ◽

Export System ◽

Domain 4

ABSTRACT Bacterial live-vector vaccines aim to deliver foreign antigens to the immune system and induce protective immune responses, and surface-expressed or secreted antigens are generally more immunogenic than cytoplasmic constructs. We hypothesize that an optimum expression system will use an endogenous export system to avoid the need for large amounts of heterologous DNA encoding additional proteins. Here we describe the cryptic chromosomally encoded 34-kDa cytolysin A hemolysin of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (ClyA) as a novel export system for the expression of heterologous antigens in the supernatant of attenuated Salmonella serovar Typhi live-vector vaccine strains. We constructed a genetic fusion of ClyA to the reporter green fluorescent protein and showed that in Salmonella serovar Typhi CVD 908-htrA, the fusion protein retains biological activity in both domains and is exported into the supernatant of an exponentially growing live vector in the absence of detectable bacterial lysis. The utility of ClyA for enhancing the immunogenicity of an otherwise problematic antigen was demonstrated by engineering ClyA fused to the domain 4 (D4) moiety of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA). A total of 11 of 15 mice immunized intranasally with Salmonella serovar Typhi exporting the protein fusion manifested fourfold or greater rises in serum anti-PA immunoglobulin G, compared with only 1 of 16 mice immunized with the live vector expressing cytoplasmic D4 (P = 0.0002). In addition, the induction of PA-specific gamma interferon and interleukin 5 responses was observed in splenocytes. This technology offers exceptional versatility for enhancing the immunogenicity of bacterial live-vector vaccines.

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Cutting Edge: The G-U Mismatch Glycosylase Methyl-CpG Binding Domain 4 Is Dispensable for Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1620 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 170 (4) ◽

pp. 1620-1624 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Philip D. Bardwell ◽

Alberto Martin ◽

Edmund Wong ◽

Ziqiang Li ◽

Winfried Edelmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatic Hypermutation ◽

Class Switch Recombination ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Cutting Edge ◽

Class Switch ◽

Domain 4

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Contrasting Roles for Domain 4 of VCAM-1 in the Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Soluble VCAM-1 Binding to Integrin α4β1

The Journal of Immunology ◽

10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.5041 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 176 (8) ◽

pp. 5041-5049 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Darren G. Woodside ◽

Ronda M. Kram ◽

Jason S. Mitchell ◽

Tracie Belsom ◽

Matthew J. Billard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Adhesion ◽

Domain 4

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A Recombinant Carboxy-Terminal Domain of the Protective Antigen of Bacillus anthracis Protects Mice against Anthrax Infection

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.70.3.1653-1656.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 1653-1656 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Helen C. Flick-Smith ◽

Nicola J. Walker ◽

Paula Gibson ◽

Helen Bullifent ◽

Sarah Hayward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Anthracis ◽

Fusion Proteins ◽

Protective Antigen ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Carboxy Terminal Domain ◽

Anthrax Infection ◽

Carboxy Terminal ◽

Domain 4

ABSTRACT The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of overlapping regions of the protective antigen (PA) polypeptide, cloned and expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, have been assessed. Results show that protection can be attributed to individual domains and imply that it is domain 4 which contains the dominant protective epitopes of PA.

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