scholarly journals A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Mertens ◽  
Yannick Boddez ◽  
Dieuwke Sevenster ◽  
Iris M. Engelhard ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Verbal Instructions ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

scholarly journals Snakes vs. Guns: A Systematic Review of Comparisons Between Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Threats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Shapouri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Stimulus Selection ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Illusory Correlation ◽  
Specific Phobias

The potential differences between phylogenetic threats (e.g., snakes) and ontogenetic threats (e.g., guns) can have a wide-ranging impact on a variety of theoretical and practical issues, from etiology of specific phobias to stimulus selection in psychophysiological studies, yet this line of research has not been systematically reviewed. Here, we summarize and synthesize findings from fear conditioning, illusory correlation, attention bias and neuroimaging studies that have compared these two types of threats to human survival. While a few brain imaging studies reveals preliminary evidence for different brain networks involved in the processing of phylogenetic and ontogenetic threats, attention bias studies tentatively show faster reaction time for modern threats, illusory correlation bias is evident for both types of threats, and fear conditioning studies are far from conclusive. The results of behavioral experiments, especially attention bias research, pose a challenge to established theories like biological preparedness and fear module. We discuss the findings in terms of other theories that might explain the same results and conclude with potential future directions.

scholarly journals Effects of intolerance of uncertainty on subjective and psychophysiological measures during fear acquisition and delayed extinction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Klingelhöfer-Jens ◽  
Jayne Morriss ◽  
Tina B Lonsdorf
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Acquisition Training ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Startle Blink

Individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) tend to find uncertainty unacceptable and aversive. In recent years, research has shed light on the role of IU in modulating subjective (i.e. expectancy ratings) and psychophysiological responses (i.e. skin conductance) across different classical fear conditioning procedures, particularly that of immediate extinction. However, there remain gaps in understanding how IU, in comparison to other negative emotionality traits (STAI-T), impact different types of subjective and psychophysiological measures during different classical fear conditioning procedures. Here, we analyzed IU, STAI-T, subjective (i.e. fear ratings) and psychophysiological (i.e. skin conductance, auditory startle blink) data recorded during fear acquisition training and 24h-delayed extinction training (n = 66). Higher IU, over STAI-T, was: (1) significantly associated with greater fear ratings to the learned fear cue during fear acquisition training, and (2) at trend associated with greater fear ratings to the learned fear versus safe cue during delayed extinction training. Both IU and STAI-T were not related to skin conductance or auditory startle blink during fear acquisition training and delayed extinction training. These results add to and extend our current understanding of the role of IU on subjective and physiological measures during different fear conditioning procedures, particularly that of delayed extinction training. Implications of these findings and future directions are discussed.

Emotional Needs and Schematic Functioning in Depression: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Paula I. STROIAN
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Schema Therapy ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Treatment ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Therapy Model ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

"Grounded in cognitive theory, the schema therapy model of psychopathology proposes a set of maladaptive cognitive structures, called early maladaptive schemas, resulting from the invalidation of emotional needs. More recently, the schema therapy model has been adapted for use with depressed clients. However, the utility of addressing emotional needs in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression has not been established. The present paper aims to provide a narrative review of the current literature on basic needs as motivational factors in depression and their relation to schematic functioning. Theoretical considerations and practical evidence on the use of constructs related to basic motivation in depression are drawn from the literature on the cognitive and schema therapy-based models of depression. The implications for the theoretical understanding of needs are discussed, as are future directions for the research of schematic functioning in depression."

scholarly journals Can prepared fear conditioning result from verbal instructions?

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 7-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Mertens ◽  
An K. Raes ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Verbal Instructions

scholarly journals Student Ratings of Teaching Quality Dimensions: Empirical Findings and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Richard Göllner ◽  
Benjamin Fauth ◽  
Wolfgang Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Student Support ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Student Ratings ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
Student Ratings Of Teaching ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

AbstractThis chapter discusses current issues in research on the validity of student ratings of teaching quality. We first discuss the advantages and limitations of student ratings of teaching quality based on theoretical considerations regarding the teaching quality concept. Research reveals that the validity of student ratings differs depending on the aspect of teaching quality being rated (i.e., classroom management, cognitive activation, or student support). Extending this research, we propose that future studies on the validity of student ratings should take into account students’ cognitive processing while responding to survey items. We discuss three areas that seem promising for future research: the complexity and comprehensibility of survey items, the referent and addressee of items, and finally, the idiosyncratic nature of student ratings.

Assessment of Central Drive to the Diaphragm by Twitch Interpolation: Normal Values, Theoretical Considerations, and Future Directions

Respiration ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-293
Author(s):  
Jens Spiesshoefer ◽  
Carolin Henke ◽  
Simon Herkenrath ◽  
Winfried Randerath ◽  
Tobias Brix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Twitch Interpolation ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Central Drive
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