scholarly journals Antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of thiourea derivatives focusing on treatment approaches for severe pulmonary tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 116506
Author(s):  
Sanderson Dias Calixto ◽  
Thatiana Lopes Biá Ventura Simão ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Palmeira-Mello ◽  
Gil Mendes Viana ◽  
Paloma Wetler Meireles Carreiros Assumpção ◽  
...  
2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esin Aktas Cetin ◽  
Leyla Pur Ozyigit ◽  
Yusuf Metin Gelmez ◽  
Erkan Cakir ◽  
Ahmet Hakan Gedik ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Siham Lahsasni ◽  
Dunya A. M. Al-Hemyari ◽  
Hazem A. Ghabbour ◽  
Yahia Nasser Mabkhoot ◽  
Fadilah S. Aleanizy ◽  
...  

Substituted[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one (3a–b) and pyrimidin-5(6H)-imine (3c–e) were synthesized via reaction of the starting compounds, ethyl 2-amino-substituted[b]thiophene-3-carboxylate (2a–c) and 2-amino-substituted [b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (2d–f), respectively, with 2-bromothiazole. Synthesis of (bromo-substituted[b]thiophen-2-yl)alkanamide derivatives (4a–e) and thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-imine derivative (5) was accomplished via reaction of the starting compounds with bromoalkyl chloride through nucleophilic substitution; however, for the synthesis of compound 5, nucleophilic substitution was followed by nucleophilic addition to a nitrile group to form the oxazinimine ring. 1-(3-cyano-substituted[b]thiophen-2-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea derivatives (6a–c) were obtained via reaction of the starting compounds (2d–f) and 4-(trifluoromethyl phenyl)isothiocyanate. The lead compounds (2d–f) rapidly reacted with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde or 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde in acidic medium to yield compounds (7a–f) in large quantities. X-ray crystallography of compounds 4c and 7e confirmed their structures. Antimicrobial studies revealed that compound 6a was equally potent to ampicillin against Bacillus strains. Moreover, compounds 3e, 4d, and 6a possessed greater anti-inflammatory potency than that of the standard drug.


2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 4001-4012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica González-Pérez ◽  
Leonardo Mariño-Ramírez ◽  
Carlos Alberto Parra-López ◽  
Martha Isabel Murcia ◽  
Brenda Marquina ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTThe genusMycobacteriumcomprises more than 150 species, including important pathogens for humans which cause major public health problems. The vast majority of efforts to understand the genus have been addressed in studies withMycobacterium tuberculosis. The biological differentiation betweenM. tuberculosisand nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is important because there are distinctions in the sources of infection, treatments, and the course of disease. Likewise, the importance of studying NTM is not only due to its clinical significance but also due to the mechanisms by which some species are pathogenic while others are not.Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) is the most important group of NTM opportunistic pathogens, since it is the second largest medical complex in the genus after theM. tuberculosiscomplex. Here, we evaluated the virulence and immune response ofM. aviumsubsp.aviumandMycobacterium colombiense, using experimental models of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis and subcutaneous infection in BALB/c mice. Mice infected intratracheally with a high dose of MAC strains showed high expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase with rapid bacillus elimination and numerous granulomas, but without lung consolidation during late infection in coexistence with high expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, subcutaneous infection showed high production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and gamma interferon with relatively low production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, which efficiently eliminate the bacilli but maintain extensive inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, MAC infection evokes different immune and inflammatory responses depending on the MAC species and affected tissue.


Cytokine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 154929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadar Moideen ◽  
Nathella P. Kumar ◽  
Ramalingam Bethunaickan ◽  
Vaithilingam V. Banurekha ◽  
Dina Nair ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Е.Г. Чурина ◽  
О.И. Уразова ◽  
А.В. Ситникова ◽  
В.В. Новицкий ◽  
Т.Е. Кононова ◽  
...  

Введение. При клинической манифестации туберкулеза легких альвеолярные макрофаги накапливают микобактерии и перестают выполнять свои эффекторные функции. Это связано с конверсией их провоспалительного фенотипа М1 в противовоспалительный М2, что способствует хронизации инфекции. Научная гипотеза исследования предполагает влияние цитокинового статуса организма на поляризацию моноцитов в крови в процессе их миграции к очагу воспаления, определяя дифференцировку и пути активации макрофагов в тканях. Цель исследования - оценка иммунофенотипа моноцитов крови и исследование in vitro уровня секреции иммунорегуляторных цитокинов мононуклеарными лейкоцитами периферической крови у больных с различными клиническими формами туберкулеза легких. Методика. Обследовано 65 пациентов с впервые выявленным туберкулезом легких. Материалом исследования служили венозная кровь и мононуклеарные лейкоциты периферической крови. Исследование иммунофенотипа моноцитов проводили методом проточной цитометрии (цитофлуориметр Cytoflex, Becman Coulter, США) в цельной крови с использованием моноклональных антител («eВioscience», США). Обработку полученных данных проводили с помощью программы «CytExpert 2.0». Определяли количество клеток экспрессирующих поверхностные маркеры: CD14, CD163, CD204 и HLA-DR. Содержание цитокинов (IL-2, IL-10, TGFβ) в супернатантах клеточных культур оценивали с помощью твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа (ELISA). Результаты. Полученные результаты позволяют предположить, что при общем снижении численности циркулирующих CD14-позитивных моноцитов крови у больных туберкулезом легких, независимо от его клинической формы сохраняется высокая экспрессия маркеров активации клеток как по провоспалительному фенотипу М1 (HLA-DR-позитивные моноциты), так и противовоспалительному фенотипу М2 (CD163-позитивные моноциты). При диссеминированной форме заболевания повышается количество противовоспалительных CD204-позитивных моноцитов, предшественников М2-макрофагов, что свидетельствует о доминировании супрессорного типа иммунного ответа. Анализ цитокинового статуса in vitro показал, что течение болезни сопровождается угнетением эффекторных иммунных реакций и повышением уровня противовоспалительных цитокинов. Выявленные изменения в равной степени могут быть как причиной, так и следствием дефицита секреции IL-2. Показано также, что уровень секреции медиаторов с супрессорными эффектами (IL-10, TGFβ) меняется в зависимости от клинической формы заболевания и чувствительности возбудителя к противотуберкулезным препаратам: гиперсекреция IL-10 отмечается у больных с инфильтративным лекарственно-чувствительным, а TGFβ - при диссеминированном лекарственно-устойчивом туберкулезе легких. Заключение. Особенности дифференциации моноцитов крови у больных туберкулезом легких позволили прийти к заключению, что предшественники макрофагов - моноциты, уже в кровотоке начинают экспрессировать маркеры, характерные для разных по функциям М1- и М2-макрофагов, c поляризацией в направлении М2-иммунофенотипа. Следовательно, при развитии туберкулеза легких реализуются механизмы цитокиновой регуляции, подавляющие активацию врожденного иммунитета, что, возможно, является причиной хронизации воспалительного процесса в легких и формирования иммунодефицита индуцированного Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In clinical manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis, alveolar macrophages perform as a reservoir where they accumulate mycobacteria and lose their effector functions due to the pathological conversion of macrophage pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which provides transition to chronic infection. The study hypothesis suggested that the cytokine status, as evaluated by leukocyte secretion of cytokines in vitro, influences the monocyte polarization in the blood during their migration to the inflammatory focus, thereby determining differentiation and pathways of macrophage activation in tissues. The aim of this work was to assess the immunophenotype of blood monocytes and the in vitro secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines by mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with different clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis taking into account the pathogen sensitivity to major anti-tuberculosis drugs. Methods. 65 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated. The study material was venous blood and peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Monocyte immunophenotype was determined in whole blood by flow cytometry on a Cytoflex flow cytometer (Becman Coulter, USA) with monoclonal antibodies (eBioscience, USA). Results were processed with a CytExpert 2.0 software. The number of cells expressing surface markers, CD14, CD163, CD204 and HLA-DR, was determined. Content of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, TGFβ) in supernatants of cell cultures was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of the study were processed with a SPSS v.11.0 standard software package. Results. The study results suggested that with an overall decrease in the number of circulating CD14-positive blood monocytes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis regardless of its clinical form, high expression of cell activation markers remained both for the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype (HLA-DR-positive monocytes) and the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (CD163-positive monocytes). In disseminated tuberculosis, the number of anti-inflammatory CD204-positive monocytes, M2 macrophage precursors, increases indicating predomination of the immunosuppressive response. In vitro analysis of the cytokine status showed that tuberculosis progression is accompanied by inhibition of effector immune responses and increases in anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in vitro. These changes may be equally either a cause or a consequence of deficient IL-2 secretion. We also found that the secretion of mediators with suppressor effects (IL-10, TGFβ) varied depending on both the clinical form of tuberculosis and the pathogen sensitivity to anti-TB drugs; IL-10 hypersecretion was observed in patients with drug-sensitive, infiltrative tuberculosis whereas TGFβ hypersecretion was observed in disseminated, drug-resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion. Features of blood monocyte differentiation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis allowed us to conclude that monocytes, the macrophage precursors, start expressing markers for different functions of M1 and M2 macrophages with polarization toward the M2 immunophenotype already in the bloodstream. Therefore, in the development of pulmonary tuberculosis, cytokine regulation mechanisms become involved in suppressing the activation of innate immunity, which possibly causes chronic inflammation in the lungs and formation of Mtb-induced immunodeficiency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu-Hong Shu ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Shu-De Li ◽  
Jun-Sheng Zhao ◽  
Sheng-Hao Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, analyze the causes of misdiagnosis, and improve the levels of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data and diagnosis and treatment of 8 adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation that were diagnosed in the Oncology Department of People’s hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture from July 2014 to July 2019. Result All 8 patients were from epidemic paragonimiasis areas and had a confirmed history of consuming uncooked freshwater crabs. The clinical manifestations were mainly fever, dry cough, and chest pain. The disease durations were long, and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were elevated. The cases had been misdiagnosed as pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis. After years of anti-inflammatory or anti-tuberculosis treatment, the symptoms had not improved significantly. Patients eventually sought treatment from the oncology department for hemoptysis. Chest computed tomography showed patchy consolidation in the lungs, with nodules, lung masses, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Conclusion Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease. Early clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination results are nonspecific. The parasite most often invades the lungs, and the resulting disease is often misdiagnosed as pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, or lung cancer (Acta Trop 199: 05074, 2019). To avoid misdiagnosis, clinicians should inquire, in detail, about residence history and history of unclean food and exposure to infected water and make an early diagnosis based on the inquired information and imaging examination results. For patients who have been diagnosed with pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis and whose symptoms do not improve significantly after anti-inflammatory or anti-tuberculosis treatments, their epidemiological history should be traced to further conduct differential diagnosis and avoid misdiagnosis.


2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2510-2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapna Cherala ◽  
Harikiran Lingabathula ◽  
Rama Ganta ◽  
Srinivas Ampati ◽  
Sarangapani Manda

In the present investigation we have synthesized a series of new 1-[3-(4-substitutedphenyl)-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]urea and 1-[3-(4-substitutedphenyl)-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]thiourea derivatives (4Ia - 4IId). The newly synthesised derivatives were characterized by using the data of IR,1H NMR and Mass Spectral analysis. Thus synthesised and characterized targetted compounds were further screened for their anti-inflammatory activity by using Carrageenan – induced paw edema rat model. Among all the newly synthesized derivatives, Compounds 4Ia-4Ic and Compounds 4IIa-4IId were reduced the inflammation very significantly (p<0.0001), thus these compounds showed promising anti-inflammatory activity and only one compound (4Id) showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.05).


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