Introduction: Cognitive bias is often cited as an explanation for diagnostic errors. Of the numerous cognitive biases currently discussed in the literature, availability bias, defined as the current case reminds you of a recent similar example is most well-known. Despite the ubiquity of cognitive biases in medical and popular literature, there is surprisingly little evidence to substantiate these claims. The present study sought to measure the influence of availability bias and identify contributing factors that may increase susceptibility to the influence of a recent similar case. Methods: To investigate the role of prior examples and category priming on diagnostic error at different levels of expertise, we devised a 2 phase experiment. The experimental intervention was in a validation phase preceding the test, where participants were asked to verify a diagnosis which was either i) representative of Diagnosis A, and similar to a test case, ii) representative of Diagnosis A and dissimilar to a test case, iii) representative of Diagnosis B and similar to a test case. The test phase consisted of 8 written cases, each with two approximately equally likely diagnoses(A or B). Each participant verified 2 cases from each condition, for a total of 6. They then diagnosed all 8 test cases; the remaining 2 test cases had no prior example. All cases were counterbalanced across conditions. Comparison between Condition i) and ii) and no prior showed effect of prior exemplar; comparison between iii) and no prior showed effect of category priming. Because cases were designed so that both Diagnosis A and B were likely, overall accuracy was measured as the sum of proportion of cases in which either was selected. Subjects were emergency medicine staff (n=40), residents (n=39) and medical students (n=32) from McMaster University, University of Washington, and Harvard Medical School. Results: Overall, staff had an accuracy (A + B) of 98%, residents 98% and students 85% (F=35.6,p<.0001). For residents and staff there was no effect of condition (all mean accuracies 97% to 100%); for students there was a clear effect of category priming, with accuracy of 84% for i), 87% for ii) and 94% for iii) but only 73% for the no prime condition (Interaction F= 3.54, p<.002) Conclusion: Although prior research has shown substantial biasing effects of availability, primarily in cases requiring visual diagnosis, the present study has shown such effects only for novices (medical students). Possible explanations need to be explored. Nevertheless, our study shows that with increasing expertise, availability may not be a source of error.
Errors, discrepancies and underlying bias in radiology with case examples: a pictorial review
