Differences in recruitment and early retention among ethnic minority participants in a large pediatric cohort: The TEDDY Study

Background: Retention of participants is a critical component of ensuring the scientific goals of longitudinal research studies. Differential rates of attrition for ethnic minority participants can be particularly problematic in the fields of health and cardiovascular research, where ethnic minorities are shown to have disproportionately higher rates of both cardiovascular disease and risk factors for heart disease such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. The ability to explore the underlying causes of these differences is adversely affected when attrition in a study occurs at a higher rate among the ethnic minority subject participants. Understanding and preventing the causes of subject drop-out to improve retention among all ethnic groups is therefore a vital endeavor of any longitudinal research or cohort study. Methods: We analyzed data on ten-year retention rates of Caucasian, Chinese, Hispanic, and African-American participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). 6814 participants were recruited into the study in 2000, and 5,865 participants were still alive for the fifth in-person examination ten years later. Of these, 4651 participants returned for this examination. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between retention in the study, race/ethnicity and various baseline demographic characteristics, including age, gender, marital status, income, employment, education, language, place of birth, health insurance status and overall health status as measured by a 10-year predicted cardiovascular disease rate. Results: Racial differences in retention were observed, with Chinese, African-American, and Hispanic participants having 30-40% lower odds of being retained than Caucasian participants. However, after adjusting for demographic variables, these differences were primarily explained by indicators of socioeconomic status. Higher income, higher education, employment status, availability of health insurance and health status were significantly associated with ten-year retention in the study across all racial/ethnic groups. Marital status, gender, age, and birthplace (US vs non-US) were not associated with retention. Conclusions: Although minority participants were retained at lower rates in MESA, this can be primarily explained by differences in socioeconomic status and health status. Individuals with higher SES indicators may have life circumstances making participation in an examination taking much of a full day more plausible. Future studies should consider how these findings may inform developing support services or incentives which make follow-up participation in clinical research more persuasive for these individuals.

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Recruiting ethnic minority participants to a clinical trial: a qualitative study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002750 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. e002750 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Virginia MacNeill ◽

Chinedu Nwokoro ◽

Chris Griffiths ◽

Jonathan Grigg ◽

Clive Seale

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Minority Participants

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Explanations of AD in Ethnic Minority Participants Undergoing Cognitive Screening

American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® ◽

10.1177/1533317511412047 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 334-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ruth M. Tappen ◽

Sandra E. Gibson ◽

Christine L. Williams

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Minority ◽

Cognitive Screening ◽

Minority Participants

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The influence of in-group and out-group favouritism on the disciplinary practice of ethnic majority and minority preservice teachers

Social Psychology of Education ◽

10.1007/s11218-021-09627-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Schuchart ◽

Sabine Glock ◽

Imke Dunkake

Keyword(s):

Preservice Teachers ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Social Identity Theory ◽

Ethnic Match ◽

Teacher Judgments ◽

Negative Stereotypes ◽

Social Hierarchies ◽

System Justification Theory ◽

Implicit Stereotypes ◽

Minority Participants

AbstractTeacher judgments and the disciplinary sanctioning of pupils can be understood as a function of the ethnic match, which means whether or not teachers and pupils have the same ethnic background. According to social identity theory, teachers should be motivated to protect positive self-esteem and therefore favour pupils of their ethnic in-group over pupils of their ethnic out-group. Following system justification theory however, it must be assumed that teachers also base their judgments and their disciplinary behaviour on the acceptance of social hierarchies. According to this theory, ethnic minority teachers should therefore favour ethnic majority pupils over ethnic minority pupils. We test these hypotheses by conducting an experimental study among 196 preservice teachers. The results suggest that ethnic majority participants do not discriminate against ethnic minority pupils. However, although ethnic minority participants seem to explicitly favour their in-group, they also implicitly tend to have more negative stereotypes about them. Moreover, the more negative explicit and implicit stereotypes ethnic minority participants have against pupils of their in-group, the more severely they punish pupils of their out-group. This could suggest that ethnic minority participants felt the desire to compensate for a negative view of their in-group by treating their out-group more harshly.

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Childhood peer victimization experiences and adult psychological adjustment: Examining race/ethnicity and race-related attributions

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/0265407517729765 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 337-358

Author(s):

Stephanie Gusler ◽

Lisa Kiang

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Peer Victimization ◽

Psychological Adjustment ◽

Skin Color ◽

Moderating Effects ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Minority Participants ◽

The Relationship ◽

Racial Ethnic

Few studies have examined young adults’ perceptions of childhood peer victimization (CPV) experiences and whether people of different racial/ethnic backgrounds perceive CPV differently. The current study examined the prevalence of CPV reported by members of the dominant racial majority (e.g., White), and individuals with racial minority backgrounds, and assessed the link between CPV and young adults’ psychological adjustment. Additionally, by examining attributions of skin color/ethnicity for CPV, both generally speaking and in light of possible moderating effects, the current study provides information on possible racial/ethnic differences in the causal interpretations of CPV. Data from 258 undergraduates (188 = majority; 70 = ethnic minority) revealed that racial/ethnic minority participants reported greater frequencies of CPV than majority White participants, and CPV was significantly associated with poorer psychological adjustment in young adulthood for all participants. Although attributions of skin color/ethnicity did not exacerbate the relationship between CPV and poor adjustment, the results do show that racial/ethnic minority participants are more likely than White participants to attribute all types of CPV to their skin color/ethnicity.

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Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in NIAID-Funded Networks of HIV Vaccine Trials in the United States, 1988 to 2002

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/003335490512000509 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 120 (5) ◽

pp. 543-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Gaston Djomand ◽

Joanna Katzman ◽

Dante diTommaso ◽

Michael G. Hudgens ◽

George W. Counts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase I ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Hiv Vaccine ◽

Phase I Trials ◽

Hiv Vaccine Trials ◽

Vaccine Trials ◽

Minority Participants ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

The U.S

Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyze enrollment of racial/ethnic minorities in Phase I and Phase II HIV vaccine trials in the U.S. conducted by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)-funded networks from 1988 to 2002. Methods. A centralized database was searched for all NIAID-funded networks of HIV vaccine trial enrollment data in the U.S. from 1988 through 2002. The authors reviewed data from Phase I or Phase II preventive HIV vaccine trials that included HIV-1 uninfected participants at low to moderate or high risk for HIV infection based on self-reported risk behaviors. Of 66 identified trials, 55 (52 Phase I, 3 Phase II) met selection criteria and were used for analyses. Investigators extracted data on participant demographics using statistical software. Results. A total of 3,731 volunteers enrolled in U.S. NIAID-funded network HIV vaccine trials from 1988 to 2002. Racial/ethnic minority participants represented 17% of the overall enrollment. By pooling data across all NIAID-funded networks from 1988 to 2002, the proportion of racial/ethnic minority participants was significantly greater (Fisher's exact test p-value <0.001) in Phase II trials (278/1,061 or 26%) than in Phase I trials (347/2,670 or 13%). By generalized estimating equations, the proportion of minorities in Phase I trials increased over time ( p=0.017), indicating a significant increase in racial/ethnic minority participants from 1988 to 2002. Conclusions. There has been a gradual increase in racial/ethnic minority participation in NIAID-funded network HIV vaccine trials in the U.S. since 1988. In the light of recent efficacy trial results, it is essential to continue to increase the enrollment of diverse populations in HIV vaccine research.

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