scholarly journals Optimal Maturation of the SIV-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response after Primary Infection Is Associated with Natural Control of SIV: ANRS SIC Study

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 108174
Author(s):  
Caroline Passaes ◽  
Antoine Millet ◽  
Vincent Madelain ◽  
Valérie Monceaux ◽  
Annie David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Natural Control

scholarly journals Dependence of CD8 T Cell Response upon Antigen Load During Primary Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 2553-2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Moore ◽  
Hasan Ahmed ◽  
Don McGuire ◽  
Rama Akondy ◽  
Rafi Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response

scholarly journals A Protective Epitope in Type III Effector YopE Is a Major CD8 T Cell Antigen during Primary Infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Patricio Mena ◽  
Galina Romanov ◽  
Jr-Shiuan Lin ◽  
Stephen T. Smiley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iii

ABSTRACTVirulence in human-pathogenicYersiniaspecies is associated with a plasmid-encoded type III secretion system that translocates a set of Yop effector proteins into host cells. One effector, YopE, functions as a Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP). In addition to acting as a virulence factor, YopE can function as a protective antigen. C57BL/6 mice infected with attenuatedYersinia pestisgenerate a dominant H2-Kb-restricted CD8 T cell response to an epitope in the N-terminal domain of YopE (YopE69-77), and intranasal vaccination with the YopE69-77peptide and the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) elicits CD8 T cells that are protective against lethal pulmonary challenge withY. pestis. Because YopE69-77is conserved in manyYersiniastrains, we sought to determine if YopE is a protective antigen forYersinia pseudotuberculosisand if primary infection with this enteric pathogen elicits a CD8 T cell response to this epitope. Intranasal immunization with the YopE69-77peptide and CT elicited a CD8 T cell response that was protective against lethal intragastricY. pseudotuberculosischallenge. The YopE69-77epitope was a major antigen (∼30% of splenic CD8 T cells were specific for this peptide at the peak of the response) during primary infection withY. pseudotuberculosis, as shown by flow cytometry tetramer staining. Results of infections withY. pseudotuberculosisexpressing catalytically inactive YopE demonstrated that GAP activity is dispensable for a CD8 T cell response to YopE69-77. Determining the features of YopE that are important for this response will lead to a better understanding of how protective CD8 T cell immunity is generated againstYersiniaand other pathogens with type III secretion systems.

scholarly journals Understanding the CD8 T-cell response in natural HIV control

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushma Boppana ◽  
Paul Goepfert
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Elite Controllers ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Functional Cure ◽  
Hiv Controllers

HIV-infected individuals who maintain control of virus without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are called HIV controllers. The immune responses of these individuals suppress HIV viral replication to low levels or, in the case of elite controllers, to undetectable levels. Although some research indicates a role for inferior virulence of the infecting viral strain in natural control, perhaps by way of defective Nef protein function, we find that the majority of research in HIV controllers highlights CD8 T cells as the main suppressor of viral replication. The most convincing evidence for this argument lies in the strong correlation between certain HLA-I alleles, especially B*57, and HIV control status, a finding that has been replicated by many groups. However, natural control can also occur in individuals lacking these specific HLA alleles, and our understanding of what constitutes an effective CD8 T-cell response remains an incomplete picture. Recent research has broadened our understanding of natural HIV control by illustrating the interactions between different immune cells, including innate immune effectors and antigen-presenting cells. For many years, the immune responses of the natural HIV controllers have been studied for clues on how to achieve functional cure in the rest of the HIV-infected population. The goal of a future functional cure to HIV is one where HIV-infected individuals’ immune responses are able to suppress virus long-term without requiring ART. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how HIV controllers’ natural immune responses are able to suppress virus.

scholarly journals An epidemic Zika virus isolate suppresses antiviral immunity by disrupting antigen presentation pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Pardy ◽  
Stefanie F. Valbon ◽  
Brendan Cordeiro ◽  
Connie M. Krawczyk ◽  
Martin J. Richer
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Cross Presentation ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Asian Lineage ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as an important global health threat, with the recently acquired capacity to cause severe neurological symptoms and to persist within host tissues. We previously demonstrated that an early Asian lineage ZIKV isolate induces a highly activated CD8 T cell response specific for an immunodominant epitope in the ZIKV envelope protein in wild-type mice. Here we show that a contemporary ZIKV isolate from the Brazilian outbreak severely limits CD8 T cell immunity in mice and blocks generation of the immunodominant CD8 T cell response. This is associated with a more sustained infection that is cleared between 7- and 14-days post-infection. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that infection with the Brazilian ZIKV isolate reduces the cross-presentation capacity of dendritic cells and fails to fully activate the immunoproteasome. Thus, our study provides an isolate-specific mechanism of host immune evasion by one Brazilian ZIKV isolate, which differs from the early Asian lineage isolate and provides potential insight into viral persistence associated with recent ZIKV outbreaks.

scholarly journals Nano-Microparticle Platforms in Developing Next-Generation Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Cappellano ◽  
Hugo Abreu ◽  
Chiara Casale ◽  
Umberto Dianzani ◽  
Annalisa Chiocchetti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Effector Functions

The first vaccines ever made were based on live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, either whole cells or fragments. Although these vaccines required the co-administration of antigens with adjuvants to induce a strong humoral response, they could only elicit a poor CD8+ T-cell response. In contrast, next-generation nano/microparticle-based vaccines offer several advantages over traditional ones because they can induce a more potent CD8+ T-cell response and, at the same time, are ideal carriers for proteins, adjuvants, and nucleic acids. The fact that these nanocarriers can be loaded with molecules able to modulate the immune response by inducing different effector functions and regulatory activities makes them ideal tools for inverse vaccination, whose goal is to shut down the immune response in autoimmune diseases. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and liposomes are biocompatible materials approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use and are, therefore, suitable for nanoparticle-based vaccines. Recently, another candidate platform for innovative vaccines based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been shown to efficiently co-deliver antigens and adjuvants. This review will discuss the potential use of PLGA-NPs, liposomes, and EVs as carriers of peptides, adjuvants, mRNA, and DNA for the development of next-generation vaccines against endemic and emerging viruses in light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

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