Kinetic differences of legacy organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Vietnamese human breast milk

ABSTRAKPestisida organoklorin digunakan secara luas di pertanian pada waktu yang lampau. Zat ini mempunyai sifat persisten di lingkungan, memiliki kemampuan bioakumulasi dan biomagnifikasi dalam rantai makanan. Paparan organoklorin pada bayi sebelum lahir dapat menyebabkan kelahiran premature, abortus spontan, bahkan berdampak mengganggu fungsi system syaraf pusat. Wanita di daerah pertanian bawang merah beresiko tinggi terhadap paparan pestisida baik dari keterlibatan mereka di pertanian maupun paparan dari lingkungan. Air susu ibu adalah media yang sesuai untuk memantau paparan organoklorin pada manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan pestisida organoklorin pada air susu ibu di daerah pertanian bawang merah Kabupaten Brebes, keterlibatan wanita di pertanian, dan keterkaitan beberapa faktor dengan konsentrasi organoklorin. Metode dan desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional, dengan responden berjumlah 14 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 4 responden mempunyai p’pDDE dengan konsentrasi >0,01 mg/kg (0,018-0,082 mg/kg) dan 11 responden mempunyai dieldrin dengan konsentrasi <0,01 mg/kg (0,001-0,007 mg/kg). Semakin meningkat nomor kelahiran, tingkat pengetahuan dan praktek penggunaan pestisida konsentrasi p’pDDE cenderung menurun. Kebiasaan makan ikan yang tercemar menjadi sumber paparan organoklorin pada wanita di daerah pertanian bawang merah Kabupaten Brebes. Kebijakan pengawasan penggunaan pestisida yang sekarang ada belum efektif untuk meningkatkan keamanan bekerja dengan pestisida pada petani.Kata Kunci : Organoklorin, ASI dan Keamanan bekerja dengan pestisidaABSTRACTTHE CONTENT OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN HUMAN BREAST MILK IN ONION AGRICULTURA AREA AT BREBES DISTRICT; Organochlorine pesticides were widely used in agricultural at the past, these compounds are persistent in the environment and can be bioaccumulate and biomagnificate in food chain. Prenatal organochlorine exposure may lead to premature birth, spontaneous abortion and infere central nervous system function. Women living in agriculture area pose high risk of pesticides exposure resulting from their agriculture occupation and environment exposure. Breast milk could be a suitable matrix for monitoring organochlorine exposure in human. This study aimed to assess the content of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk, women involvement in agricultural activity and factors related to the level of organochlorine compounds in breast milk. The qualitative descriptive method using cross sectional approach was applied in this research. There were 14 partisipants. The result demonstrated that 4 partisipans had p’pDDE level above 0,01 mg/kg (0,018-1,082), and 11 partisipans had level of Dieldrin below 0,01 mg/kg (0,001-0,007). Concentration p’pDDE tend to decreased as the increased of parity, level of knowledge, and level practices of pesticide. Dietary habits especially fish consumption was considered as a source of organochlorine exposure to human. Supervision policy the used of pesticide hasn’t effective yet to increase safe practices of pesticides among farmers.Keywords : Organochlorine, breast milk, safe practices of pesticides

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Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-01656-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seblework Mekonen ◽

Argaw Ambelu ◽

Mekitie Wondafrash ◽

Patrick Kolsteren ◽

Pieter Spanoghe

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Organochlorine Pesticides ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Southwestern Ethiopia ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration

AbstractBreast milk is often used as an environmental bioindicator since it serves as an important medium to accumulate organochlorine pesticides. The main aim of this study is to determine the level of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk collected from three districts of southwestern Ethiopia (Asendabo, Deneba, and Serbo) at three times points baselines (1st month), midline ( six months), and end line (12 months) and risk of infants’ exposure. A longitudinal study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in human breast milk samples and evaluate the risk-exposure of infants to these pesticides from consumption of mother’s milk in Ethiopia. Breast milk samples were collected from 168 mothers at three time points and pesticides were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The level of pesticide residues in human milk samples and exposure of infants to the pesticides was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake of the pesticides under study. The results indicated that, from the eight organochlorine pesticides analyzed in 447 breast milk samples at three sampling times, DDT and its metabolites were detected. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in all (100%) of the breast milk samples while, p,p-DDD, and o,p-DDT were detected in 53.9%, and 42.7%, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT at three time points(baseline, midline and endline) were 2.25, 1.68 and 1.32 µg/g milk fat, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT from the three districts was 1.85 µg/g milk fat which is above the maximum residue limit (MRL = 0.02 µg/g milk fat set by FAO/WHO). The mean ratio of DDT/DDE for the three areas was calculated less than five (< 5) indicates historical DDT use in the study area. The estimated daily intake of infants at the first month of breastfeeding was 11.24 µg/kg-BW/day, above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for total DDT set by FAO/WHO, which is 10 µg/kg body weight. An intake of OCPs is a big concern for infants' health in Ethiopia and countries with a similar condition, particularly at the first month of lactation. Strict regulations of the health-threatening pesticide by the regulatory body (Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission) at the country and regional levels is advocated.

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