Assessing toxicity of hydrophobic aliphatic and monoaromatic hydrocarbons at the solubility limit using novel dosing methods

Many of the pulp mill biorefinery concepts recently presented include removal of lignin from black liquor. In this work, the aim was to study how the change in liquor chemistry affected the evaporation of kraft black liquor when lignin was removed using the LignoBoost process. Lignin was removed from a softwood kraft black liquor and four different black liquors were studied: one reference black liquor (with no lignin extracted); two ligninlean black liquors with a lignin removal rate of 5.5% and 21%, respectively; and one liquor with maximum lignin removal of 60%. Evaporation tests were carried out at the research evaporator in Chalmers University of Technology. Studied parameters were liquor viscosity, boiling point rise, heat transfer coefficient, scaling propensity, changes in liquor chemical composition, and tube incrustation. It was found that the solubility limit for incrustation changed towards lower dry solids for the lignin-lean black liquors due to an increased salt content. The scaling obtained on the tubes was easily cleaned with thin liquor at 105°C. It was also shown that the liquor viscosity decreased exponentially with increased lignin outtake and hence, the heat transfer coefficient increased with increased lignin outtake. Long term tests, operated about 6 percentage dry solids units above the solubility limit for incrustation for all liquors, showed that the heat transfer coefficient increased from 650 W/m2K for the reference liquor to 1500 W/m2K for the liquor with highest lignin separation degree, 60%.

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Solubility Limit and Annealing Effects on the Microstructure & Thermoelectricproperties of Fe 2V 1-XTa xAl 1-YSi y Heusler Compounds

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3762208 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fabian Garmroudi ◽

Michael Parzer ◽

Alexander Riss ◽

Nikolas Reumann ◽

Bernhard Hinterleitner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solubility Limit ◽

Heusler Compounds ◽

Annealing Effects

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The enhancement of energy storage performances via combining relaxor behaviors with the crucial point of solubility limit

Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics ◽

10.1007/s10854-021-05893-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhifeng Shi ◽

Yaping Liu ◽

Fei Guo ◽

Shifeng Zhao

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Solubility Limit ◽

Crucial Point

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Five-Year Enhanced Natural Attenuation of Historically Coal-Tar-Contaminated Soil: Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Phenol Contents

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2265

Author(s):

Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽

Anna Kiepas-Kokot

Keyword(s):

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Natural Attenuation ◽

Soil Analysis ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Lower Intensity ◽

Sampling Points ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

The Mean

The objective of this study was to assess the soil pollution on an industrial wasteland, where coal-tar was processed in the period between 1880 and 1997, and subsequent to assess the decline in the content of phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during enhanced natural attenuation. The soil of the investigated area was formed from a layer of uncompacted fill. Twelve sampling points were established in the investigated area for collecting soil samples. A study conducted in 2015 did not reveal any increase in the content of heavy metals, monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), and cyanides. However, the content of PAHs and phenols was higher than the content permitted by Polish norms in force until 2016. In the case of PAHs, it was observed for individual compounds and their total contents. Among the various methods, enhanced natural attenuation was chosen for the remediation of investigated area. Repeated analyses of the contents of phenols and PAHs were conducted in 2020. The results of the analyses showed that enhanced natural attenuation has led to efficient degradation of the simplest substances—phenol and naphthalene. The content of these compounds in 2020 was not elevated compared to the standards for industrial wastelands. The three- and four-ring hydrocarbons were degraded at a lower intensity. Based on the mean decrease in content after 5-year enhanced natural attenuation, the compounds can be arranged in the following order: phenols > naphthalene > phenanthrene > fluoranthene > benzo(a)anthracene > chrysene > anthracene.

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Paclitaxel loading in cationic liposome vectors is enhanced by replacement of oleoyl with linoleoyl tails with distinct lipid shapes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86484-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuhong Zhen ◽

Kai K. Ewert ◽

William S. Fisher ◽

Victoria M. Steffes ◽

Youli Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Membrane Structure ◽

Cationic Liposome ◽

Solubility Limit ◽

Loading Capacity ◽

Prostate Cancer Cells ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Cylindrical Micelles ◽

Molecular Affinity

AbstractLipid carriers of hydrophobic paclitaxel (PTX) are used in clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. Improving their loading capacity requires enhanced PTX solubilization. We compared the time-dependence of PTX membrane solubility as a function of PTX content in cationic liposomes (CLs) with lipid tails containing one (oleoyl; DOPC/DOTAP) or two (linoleoyl; DLinPC/newly synthesized DLinTAP) cis double bonds by using microscopy to generate kinetic phase diagrams. The DLin lipids displayed significantly increased PTX membrane solubility over DO lipids. Remarkably, 8 mol% PTX in DLinTAP/DLinPC CLs remained soluble for approximately as long as 3 mol% PTX (the solubility limit, which has been the focus of most previous studies and clinical trials) in DOTAP/DOPC CLs. The increase in solubility is likely caused by enhanced molecular affinity between lipid tails and PTX, rather than by the transition in membrane structure from bilayers to inverse cylindrical micelles observed with small-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, the efficacy of PTX-loaded CLs against prostate cancer cells (their IC50 of PTX cytotoxicity) was unaffected by changing the lipid tails, and toxicity of the CL carrier was negligible. Moreover, efficacy was approximately doubled against melanoma cells for PTX-loaded DLinTAP/DLinPC over DOTAP/DOPC CLs. Our findings demonstrate the potential of chemical modifications of the lipid tails to increase the PTX membrane loading while maintaining (and in some cases even increasing) the efficacy of CLs. The increased PTX solubility will aid the development of liposomal PTX carriers that require significantly less lipid to deliver a given amount of PTX, reducing side effects and costs.

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Application of Microwave Radiation in Modified Polyol Process for Synthesis Pure, Te-Doped, and Sn-Doped CoSb3 Thermoelectric Materials

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.302.123 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 302 ◽

pp. 123-134

Author(s):

Thammanoon Kapanya ◽

Chanchana Thanachayanont ◽

Adisorn Tuantranont ◽

Thapanee Sarakonsri

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Microwave Radiation ◽

Crystalline Phase ◽

Synthesis Method ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Solubility Limit ◽

Heating Time ◽

Polyol Process ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Microwave Time

Synthesis routes of CoSb3 need a long reaction time, especially at high temperature and-/or high pressure. Although the modified polyol process assisted with microwave radiation can be used to solve these problems, it used the excess amount of Sb ion. Therefore, this study aimed to solve this drawback by retarding the rate of reduction. The different microwave times (0, 1, and 3 min) were investigated to find out the shortest heating duration for preparing CoSb3 nanoparticles. Te-doped and Sn-doped CoSb3 were synthesized to investigate the benefit of this synthesis method for increasing the solubility limit of Te and Sn in the CoSb3 structure. The phase and microstructure of the synthesized products were characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the high crystalline phase of CoSb3 (JCPDS: 78-0977) without any metallic impurity phases product was successfully synthesized in 3 minutes for a heating time at normal pressure, non-excessive addition of Sb ion precursor, and low temperature. The XRD results of Te-doped and Sn-doped CoSb3 products exhibited poor crystalline phase and hard to exactly identify. In SEM and TEM results, the CoSb3 powder consisted of very tiny spherical-like particles around 10 nanometers attaching together even at different microwave time similar to Te-doped/Sn-doped samples.

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Phase Separation of β-SN in Strained, Compositionally Metastable Ge1-xSnx Alloys

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-398-605 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 398 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joshua W. Kriesel ◽

Susanne M. Lee

Keyword(s):

Phase Separation ◽

Electron Microprobe ◽

Rf Sputtering ◽

Melting Behavior ◽

Solubility Limit ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Solid Solubility Limit ◽

Transformation Mechanisms ◽

Subsequent Phase ◽

Kinetics Of

ABSTRACTUsing rf sputtering and post-deposition annealing in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), we manufactured bulk (4000 nm) films of crystalline Ge0.83Sn0.17. This Sn concentration is much greater than the solid solubility limit of Sn in Ge (x ≤ 0.01). Continued annealing thermally induces Sn phase separation from the alloy, limiting the ultimate attainable grain size in the metastable crystals. We examine, here, the mechanisms and kinetics of the processes limiting the size of the Ge0.83Sn0.17 polycrystals. From a combination of DSC, electron microprobe, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, we propose phase transformation mechanisms corresponding to crystallization of amorphous Ge0.83Sn0.17, crystallization of an as-yet unidentified phase of Sn, and phase separation of Sn from the Ge1-xSnx crystals. We were unable to observe the unidentified phase of Sn in XRD, but the phase must be present in the material to account for the quantitative discrepancies (as much as 8 at.%) in Sn percentages determined from each of the DSC, XRD, and electron microprobe measurements. Our models for the various transformation kinetics were corroborated by the subsequent phase-separated Sn melting behavior observed in the DSC: two Sn melting endotherms, one of which was 20–100°C lower than the bulk melting temperature of Sn. This depressed temperature endotherm we speculate represents liquefaction of nanometer-sized (β–Sn clusters.

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