EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON PASTEURIZATION OF PÊRA RIO IN NATURA ORANGE JUICE

Heat treatment is one of the most used methods to preserve food, such as orange juices, which are an excellent source of ascorbic acid. To avoid vitamin C degradation and reduce loss, fast heating is recommended. This work aimed to determine the vitamin C content using the iodometric method and the convective heat transfer coefficient using the method of dimensionless numbers and the experimental method. Time and temperature were controlled throughout the experiment. In pasteurization, the solution was heated to 80 °C, heating lasted 50 minutes and cooling for 42 minutes. The convective heat transfer coefficient was evaluated in two regions of the cylindrical container: near the wall and in the central region. The graphic profile of the curve follows the same trend of the literature. The convective heat transfer coefficient is higher in the region near the wall. As time passes and temperature decreases, the central region tends to equilibrium, and the coefficient becomes more constant. The vitamin C content remained constant before and after pasteurization, so it was observed that the pasteurization did not cause ascorbic acid degradation since the heating step was fast in the heat treatment. As a result of the study, it was noted that studying the thermal behavior in the cooling of orange juice is extremely important to ensure its quality. It is pertinent to mention that in order to avoid this degradation and reduce its loss, it is necessary that in thermal treatments, fast heating is carried out and that the juice has low exposure to air and heat at the time of its preparation.

Pool boiling performance of oxide nanofluid on a downward-facing heating surface

In this study, the pool boiling performance of oxide nanofluid was investigated, the heating surface is a 5 × 30 mm stainless steel heating surface. Three kinds of nanofluids were selected to explore their critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC), which were TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3. We observed that these nanofluids enhanced CHF compared to R·O water, and Al2O3 case has the most significant enhancement (up to 66.7%), furthermore, the HTC was also enhanced. The number of bubbles in nanofluid case was relatively less than that in R·O water case, but the bubbles were much larger. The heating surface was characterized and it was found that there were nano-particles deposited, and surface roughness decreased. The wettability also decreased with the increase in CHF.

Thermophysical Parameters of a Semi-Finished Watermelon Product as an Object of Dehumidification

Introduction. Pectin-based protective coatings can produce a perfect biodegradable edible film. Secondary watermelon raw materials are a promising resource for this type of food coating as it contains 13.4% of pectin components, of which 8.1% is protopectin. The present research objective was to find the density and thermophysical characteristics of the pectin extract in order to optimize the drying process. Study objects and methods. The research featured a pectin extract from watermelon rind. Its thermophysical properties were defined according to the thermocouple inertia method. The calorimetric method was used to change the aggregation state, while the pycnometric method was applied to calculate the density. The method of criterion equations helped to define the heat transfer coefficient. Results and discussion. The average density of the final film material was 652 kg/m3 and that of the liquid semi-finished product was 1,028 kg/m3. The research also revealed the dependence of physical density and humidity W, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. For different W, averaged were 3393, 3225, 3137, and 3113, respectively. The study also provided the criterion dependence for determining the heat transfer coefficient and modified α on the speed of the air coolant for artificial convection at conventional coolant temperature (≈ 100°C) in contact with the food product surface (≈ 80°C). Conclusion. The article introduces the thermophysical characteristics and physical density of watermelon gel for various humidity and thermal agent parameters, as well as a modified criterion dependence for determining the heat transfer coefficient. The research results can be used to design dehydration operations, other thermophysical processes, and their equipment.

A Convenient Method for the Accurate Calculation of Fin Efficiency of H-Type Fins Based on Linear Nomograms and Fitting Formulae

Fin efficiency, as a measure of the effectiveness of the heat transfer enhancement, is of great importance in studying the heat transfer performance of H-type finned tube banks. The fin efficiency of square fins is adopted by most researchers as an alternative to that of H-type fins, which can create certain errors in the fin efficiency of H-type fins. For this paper, the linear nomograms and fitting formulae of fin efficiency of H-type fins are obtained by the definition method of fin efficiency based on numerous numerical simulations, and the results calculated by this method are verified by experimental data. On this basis, the effects of three geometric parameters (slit width, fin height, and fin thickness) and two thermal parameters (surface heat transfer coefficient and fin thermal conductivity) on the fin efficiency of H-type fins are also investigated and compared to those of square fins. The results indicate that the fin efficiency of H-type fins increases with the increment of fin thickness and thermal conductivity, and decreases with the increase of slit width, fin height, and surface heat transfer coefficient. Accordingly, the linear nomograms and fitting formulae for the fin efficiency of H-type fins, which are well compatible with experimental data, can help to facilitate further theoretical research and engineering application.

Heat Transfer Modelling and Simulation of a 120 mm Smoothbore Gun Barrel During Interior Ballistics

Understanding the heat transfer phenomenon during interior ballistics and consequently presenting a realistic model is very important to predict the temperature distribution inside the cannon barrel, which influences the gun wear and the cook-off. The objective of this work is to present a new detailed numerical model for the prediction of thermal behaviour of a cannon barrel by combining PRODAS interior ballistics simulation with COMSOL simulation. In this study, a numerical model has been proposed for the heating behaviour of a 120 mm smoothbore cannon barrel, taking into account the combustion equation of the JA-2 propellant. Temperature dependent thermophysical properties of product gases were used for the calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient inside the barrel. Projectile position, velocity of the projectile, gas temperature inside the barrel, volume behind the projectile and mass fraction during interior ballistics have been obtained by PRODAS software and used in the numerical model performed by COMSOL multiphysics finite element modelling and simulation software. Temperature simulations show that maximum wall temperature inside the cannon barrel is observed after 3 ms from fire, when maximum value of the convective heat transfer coefficient inside the barrel is observed. The results reveal that the convective heat transfer coefficient of burned gases inside the gun has major effect than the burned gas temperature on the heat transfer phenomenon.

Experimental investigations on nucleate pool boiling over micro-finned cylindrical surfaces

The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer over micro-finned cylindrical surfaces has application in the heat exchangers used in thermal power plants and chemical industries. The estimation of boiling heat transfer coefficient is an important parameter in the design of two-phase heat exchangers using micro-finned cylindrical surfaces. In the present work, related experimental investigations on four micro-finned cylindrical surfaces with different surface geometry using refrigerant R-141b at atmospheric pressure are conducted to determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient over micro-finned cylindrical surfaces. A correlation is developed by dimensional analysis wherein the effects of geometrical parameters, operating pressure and thermo-physical properties of fluids are taken into consideration and dimensional analysis conducted using Buckingham π-theorem. The correlation developed utilizes experimental data obtained over the present study as well as from previous studies by various researchers including experimental data for water over different micro-finned cylindrical surfaces at 1 bar by Mehta and Kandlikar, experimental data for R123 at 0.97 bar by Saidi et al. and experimental data for R134a over micro-finned cylindrical surface at 6.1 bar, 8.1 bar, 10.1 bar and 12.2 bar by Rocha et al. The heat flux ranging from 5 to 1100 kW/m2 are considered for the analysis. The data points have been compared with the proposed correlation and the absolute average deviation of the whole data set was obtained as 13.43% with root mean square deviation of 0.0273. All the predicted values were within ±15% of the experimental values of the boiling heat transfer coefficient.