Increasing atmospheric oxidizing capacity weakens emission mitigation effort in Beijing during autumn haze events

Recent times have witnessed an increasing number of countries and private firms pledging carbon neutrality by mid-century. Whilst representing a significant improvement in intentions to tackle climate change, such pledges lack substance and structure. For instance, individual pledges lack coordination and aggregation among peers, while strategies and measures to achieve ambitious targets are largely absent. Moreover, current disagreements obstructing progress in international climate change negotiations further undermine the reliability of carbon neutrality objectives. Effective international policies are needed to foster aggregate mitigation ambitions and the creation of adequate supporting mechanisms. This theoretical paper describes a governance innovation aimed at overcoming such shortfalls and disagreements through a unifying yet customizable pathway towards carbon neutrality. It does so by first outlining a political governance framework based on a climate club interpretation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Secondly, it proposes carbon emission mitigation effort sharing on a per capita basis to ensure efficiency, equity and political feasibility. Thirdly, this paper describes how the supply of certified mitigations of carbon emissions required to satisfy effort sharing-based demand can be assetized as carbon credits by operationalizing Article 6 as a joint certification mechanism. The resulting governance architecture for managing demand and supply of mitigations shifts efforts to tackle climate change from a ‘problem-driven’ cost approach to ‘opportunity-driven’ value creation pathways towards carbon neutrality.

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Russian low carbon development strategy

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2020-7-51-74 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-74

Author(s):

I. A. Bashmakov

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Security Risk ◽

Ghg Emission ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Russian Economy ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Scenario Projections

The article presents the key results of scenario projections that underpinned the Strategy for long-term low carbon economic development of the Russian Federation to 2050, including analysis of potential Russia’s GHG emission mitigation commitments to 2050 and assessment of relevant costs, benefits, and implications for Russia’s GDP. Low carbon transformation of the Russian economy is presented as a potential driver for economic growth that offers trillions-of-dollars-worth market niches for low carbon products by mid-21st century. Transition to low carbon economic growth is irreversible. Lagging behind in this technological race entails a security risk and technological backwardness hazards.

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Vehicle Miles Traveled in Multivehicle Households

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198105192600123 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 1926 (1) ◽

pp. 198-205

Author(s):

Somchai Pathomsiri ◽

Ali Haghani ◽

Paul M. Schonfeld

Keyword(s):

Least Squares Method ◽

Substitution Effect ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Conservation Policies ◽

Multiple Vehicles ◽

Single Vehicle ◽

Household Travel ◽

Behavior Shift

Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is an important factor in the development of transportation plans, emission mitigation measures, and energy conservation policies. Therefore, estimation of VMT is a crucial task supporting such plans and policies. This research addresses the estimation of VMT in households owning multiple vehicles. This sector is expected to use vehicles differently from single-vehicle households because usage of any vehicle may depend on usage of other vehicles. Previous studies concluded that there is a substitution effect between usages of two vehicles (i.e., greater usage of one vehicle lessens usage of the other). In view of more recent changes in sociodemographic structure, the problem was revisited with the 2001 National Household Travel Survey database. The proposed VMT model is a system of simultaneous equations. Each equation explains the VMT for one of the household's vehicles. The three-stage least-squares method was used to estimate the coefficients. A case study of two-vehicle households was investigated. The resulting model shows that VMT can be explained by variables such as the vehicle's newness, number of potential car users in a household, and household income. Surprisingly, the results show not a substitution effect but a spilling effect. The VMT of the first vehicle does not depend on how much the second vehicle is driven. However, increased use of the first vehicle tends to spill over and increase the use of the second one. Some explanation of this behavior shift is provided.

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Field emission mitigation studies in the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source II superconducting rf cavities via in situ plasma processing

Physical Review Accelerators and Beams ◽

10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.24.022002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Bianca Giaccone ◽

Martina Martinello ◽

Paolo Berrutti ◽

Oleksandr Melnychuk ◽

Dmitri A. Sergatskov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Source ◽

Field Emission ◽

Plasma Processing ◽

Coherent Light ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Rf Cavities ◽

Linac Coherent Light Source ◽

Superconducting Rf ◽

Coherent Light Source

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Experimental and simulation study of impurity transport response to RMPs in RF-heated H-mode plasmas at EAST

Journal of Plasma Physics ◽

10.1017/s0022377821000222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Germán Vogel ◽

Hongming Zhang ◽

Yongcai Shen ◽

Shuyu Dai ◽

Youwen Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inner Core ◽

Extreme Ultraviolet ◽

Transport Coefficients ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Line Emission ◽

Core Region ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Impurity Transport ◽

Transport Code

Spatial profiles of impurity emission measurements in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopic range in radiofrequency (RF)-heated discharges are combined with one-dimensional and three-dimensional transport simulations to study the effects of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on core impurity accumulation at EAST. The amount of impurity line emission mitigation by RMPs appears to be correlated with the ion Z for lithium, carbon, iron and tungsten monitored, i.e. stronger suppression of accumulation for heavier ions. The targeted effect on the most detrimental high-Z impurities suggests a possible advantage using RMPs for impurity control. Profiles of transport coefficients are calculated with the STRAHL one-dimensional impurity transport code, keeping $\nu /D$ fixed and using the measured spatial profiles of $\textrm{F}{\textrm{e}^{20 + }}$ , $\textrm{F}{\textrm{e}^{21 + }}$ and $\textrm{F}{\textrm{e}^{22 + }}$ to disentangle the transport coefficients. The iron diffusion coefficient ${D_{\textrm{Fe}}}$ increases from $1.0- 2.0\;{\textrm{m}^2}\;{\textrm{s}^{ - 1}}$ to $1.5- 3.0\;{\textrm{m}^2}\;{\textrm{s}^{ - 1}}$ from the core region to the edge region $(\rho \gt 0.5)$ after the onset of RMPs. Meanwhile, an inward pinch of iron convective velocity ${\nu _{\textrm{Fe}}}$ decreases in magnitude in the inner core region and increases significantly in the outer confined region, simultaneously contributing to preserving centrally peaked $\textrm{Fe}$ profiles and exhausting the impurities. The ${D_{\textrm{Fe}}}$ and ${\nu _{\textrm{Fe}}}$ variations lead to reduced impurity contents in the plasma. The three-dimensional edge impurity transport code EMC3-EIRENE was also applied for a case of RMP-mitigated high-Z accumulation at EAST and compared to that of low-Z carbon. The exhaust of ${\textrm{C}^{6 + }}$ toward the scrape-off layer accompanying an overall suppression of heavier ${\textrm{W}^{30 + }}$ is observed when using RMPs.

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