scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on oil consumption in the United States: A new estimation approach

Energy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 122280
Author(s):  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Shuyu Li ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Rongrong Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Consumption

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 361-392
Author(s):  
Giuliano Garavini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Founding Member ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Foreign Control ◽  
Oil Company

The Epilogue describes the parallel crisis of the petrostates and of OPEC, focusing on two episodes that clearly demonstrated this crisis at the end of the 1980s. The first was the attack against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq by an international coalition led by the United States that resulted in foreign control over Iraqi oil exports. The second, episode was the effort of PDVSA, the national oil company of Venezuela, to engage in a policy of “production maximization” and to force its own government, a founding member of OPEC, out of the organization. The autonomy of OPEC as an actor in the global petroleum market was weakened both from without in the case of Iraq, and from within as in the case of the campaign by PDVSA. The result was that OPEC could not act anymore as a “geological force” and global oil consumption once again increased significantly with dire consequences for the environment.

scholarly journals Reducing Petroleum Consumption from Transportation

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Knittel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Pigouvian Tax ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Energy Taxes

The United States consumes more petroleum-based liquid fuel per capita than any other OECD high-income country—30 percent more than the second-highest country (Canada) and 40 percent more than the third-highest (Luxembourg). The transportation sector accounts for 70 percent of U.S. oil consumption and 30 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the externalities associated with high U.S. gasoline consumption as largely given, I focus on understanding the policy tools that seek to reduce this consumption. I consider four main channels through which reductions in U.S. oil consumption might take place: 1) increased fuel economy of existing vehicles, 2) increased use of non-petroleum-based, low-carbon fuels, 3) alternatives to the internal combustion engine, and 4) reduced vehicle miles traveled. I then discuss how these policies for reducing petroleum consumption compare with the standard economics prescription for using a Pigouvian tax to deal with externalities. Taking into account that energy taxes are a political hot button in the United States, and also considering some evidence that consumers may not “correctly” value fuel economy, I offer some thoughts about the margins on which policy aimed at reducing petroleum consumption might usefully proceed.

Analysis of Alternative Forms of Automotive Fuel Economy Standards for the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 1842 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Greene ◽  
Janet L. Hopson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy Standards

Nations around the world have used fuel economy standards, voluntary or mandatory, to control greenhouse gas emissions and oil consumption. Although the literature on fuel economy standards is extensive, little attention has been paid to analyzing the efficiency and equity of alternative forms and levels of standards. A mathematical programming model is developed and applied to measuring the effects of alternative fuel economy regulations in terms of economic efficiency and differential impacts on manufacturers in the United States. Fuel economy improvements of 20% to 33% would appear to provide net economic benefits to U.S. consumers. Unfortunately, none of the alternatives tested is clearly more equitable than the others. The uniform percentage increase (UPI) and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) metrics disadvantage different sets of manufacturers. An industrywide, voluntary fuel economy standard [such as that of the European Union or l’Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles (European Car Manufacturers’ Association)] has the potential to be most economically efficient and to avoid transfer payments among manufacturers as well. A weight-based metric would be more expensive than CAFE or UPI metrics for the same level of fuel economy increase but might be less likely to restrict manufacturers’ future marketing options. The analysis has many limitations that should be addressed in future research.

scholarly journals Determinants of Oil Footprints Embodied in Sino-US Trade: A Perspective from the Globalizing World

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghui Liu ◽  
Tingting Geng ◽  
Xingwei Wang ◽  
Guojin Qin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Net Exports ◽  
Input Structure ◽  
Globalizing World

Oil plays an important role in global resource allocation. With the continuous development of the global supply chain, trade has brought a great impact on oil consumption. However, few studies have been focused on the oil consumption embodied in trade, that is, the oil footprints. Therefore, based on the multi-regional input-output model and structural decomposition model, this paper investigates the evolution and driving factors of the oil footprint between the two countries with the largest oil consumption in the world (China and the United States). By measuring the flow of oil footprint in bilateral trade, their trade transactions are analyzed at the national and industry levels. The results show that in Sino-US trade, China is a net exporter of virtual oil and the trade surplus is huge. The United States is the main destination of China’s virtual oil consumption exports. In 2004, China’s embodied oil net exports flowing into the US even exceeded its total net exports. Low value-added, high-consumption manufacturing is the main channel for China’s virtual oil to flow to the United States, which reflects that China is still at the bottom of the value chain. The most important factor in promoting exports’ growth is the scale effect of demand, followed by the input structure effect of intermediate products. The technical effect is an important force to curb the growth of oil footprints. This requires China and the United States to accelerate technological progress and reduce energy consumption intensity. At the same time, China should continue to optimize its trade structure, encourage the export of high-value-added products, and strive to climb the global value chain.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Congressional District ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Communities Of Interest

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.

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