Water and oxidative homeostasis, Na+/K+ transport, and stress-defensive proteins associated with spermine-induced salt tolerance in creeping bentgrass

2021 ◽  
pp. 104659
Author(s):  
Wan Geng ◽  
Yongsen Qiu ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Zhou Li
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
K Transport ◽  
Oxidative Homeostasis

scholarly journals Regulation of K+ Transport in Tomato Roots by the TSS1 Locus. Implications in Salt Tolerance

2003 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Rubio ◽  
Abel Rosado ◽  
Adolfo Linares-Rueda ◽  
Omar Borsani ◽  
María J. García-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
K Transport

scholarly journals Salinity Effects on Bentgrass Germination

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.B. McCarty ◽  
A.E. Dudeck
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salinity Effects ◽  
Agrostis Tenuis ◽  
Seawater Salinity ◽  
Salt Tolerant Cultivars

Duplicate studies were conducted to determine salt tolerance during germination of eight bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) cultivars commonly used for overseeding warm-season turf species, such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) putting surfaces. Bentgrass seeds were germinated on agar salinized with 0, 4000, 8000, 12,000, or 16,000 mg·liter-1, with the highest rate approaching one-half seawater salinity. Total germination decreased linearly or quadratically for specific cultivars as salinity increased. Time necessary to reach 50% germination across all salt concentrations was shortest for `Highland' colonial (Agrostis tenuis Sibth) and `Seaside' creeping (A. palustris Huds.) bentgrass (≈3.7 days); intermediate for `Kingstown' velvet (A. canina L.) and `Streaker' red top (A. alba L.) bentgrass (≈4.5 days); and longest for `Penneagle' creeping, `Penncross' creeping, `Exeter' colonial, and `Pennlinks' creeping bentgrass (≈5.3 days). Salt concentrations necessary to reduce germination to 90%, 75%, and 50% indicated that `Streaker' red top and `Seaside' creeping bentgrass were the most salt-tolerant cultivars. `Kingstown' velvet, `Exeter' colonial, and `Highland' colonial bentgrass were intermediate, while `Pennlinks', `Penncross', and `Penneagle' creeping bentgrass were the most salt-sensitive cultivars.

scholarly journals Polyamine Content Changes in Creeping Bentgrass Exposed to Salt Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingmei Ma ◽  
Emily Merewitz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Canopy Temperature Depression ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Salt stress is a major problem in turfgrass management. Investigation of metabolites, such as polyamines (PAs) that may improve salt tolerance of turfgrass species, is needed. Two independent growth chamber studies were conducted to evaluate physiological characteristics and changes in PAs, such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm), in response to salt stress in ‘Penncross’ and ‘PsgSLTZ’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). The study also aimed to determine a method of PA extraction to improve PA yields from creeping bentgrass. Salt solutions were drench applied to plants growing in pure sand daily in a stepwise manner for ≈70 days in both studies. For both cultivars, salt stress caused an increase in leaf Na+ content, percent of electrolyte leakage (EL), and canopy temperature depression (CTD) while it caused a decrease in turf quality (TQ), osmotic potential (Ψs), and K+ and Ca2+ content compared with controls. In the early stages of salt stress, Put content increased in salt-stressed plants compared with controls. Spd content did not change significantly while a transient increase in Spm was observed in the later stage of salt stress. The PA quantification method used in this study included using formic acid during the extraction process, which exhibited enhanced quantification of PAs from creeping bentgrass compared with other methods previously published. Salinity stress upregulated the content of Put and Spm in leaf tissue, which may be involved in salinity tolerance in creeping bentgrass, while Spd accumulation may not be a major salt tolerance mechanism; supplementation with these biochemical compounds could be an alternative to improve creeping bentgrass salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Chitosan regulates metabolic balance, polyamine accumulation, and Na+ transport contributing to salt tolerance in creeping bentgrass

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Geng ◽  
Zhou Li ◽  
Muhammad Jawad Hassan ◽  
Yan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Gaba Accumulation

Abstract Background Chitosan (CTS), a natural polysaccharide, exhibits multiple functions of stress adaptation regulation in plants. However, effects and mechanism of CTS on alleviating salt stress damage are still not fully understood. Objectives of this study were to investigate the function of CTS on improving salt tolerance associated with metabolic balance, polyamine (PAs) accumulation, and Na+ transport in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Results CTS pretreatment significantly alleviated declines in relative water content, photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency, and water use efficiency in leaves under salt stress. Exogenous CTS increased endogenous PAs accumulation, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities, and sucrose accumulation and metabolism through the activation of sucrose synthase and pyruvate kinase activities, and inhibition of invertase activity. The CTS also improved total amino acids, glutamic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation. In addition, CTS-pretreated plants exhibited significantly higher Na+ content in roots and lower Na+ accumulation in leaves then untreated plants in response to salt stress. However, CTS had no significant effects on K+/Na+ ratio. Importantly, CTS enhanced salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathways and also up-regulated the expression of AsHKT1 and genes (AsNHX4, AsNHX5, and AsNHX6) encoding Na+/H+ exchangers under salt stress. Conclusions The application of CTS increased antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby reducing oxidative damage to roots and leaves. CTS-induced increases in sucrose and GABA accumulation and metabolism played important roles in osmotic adjustment and energy metabolism during salt stress. The CTS also enhanced SOS pathway associated with Na+ excretion from cytosol into rhizosphere, increased AsHKT1 expression inhibiting Na+ transport to the photosynthetic tissues, and also up-regulated the expression of AsNHX4, AsNHX5, and AsNHX6 promoting the capacity of Na+ compartmentalization in roots and leaves under salt stress. In addition, CTS-induced PAs accumulation could be an important regulatory mechanism contributing to enhanced salt tolerance. These findings reveal new functions of CTS on regulating Na+ transport, enhancing sugars and amino acids metabolism for osmotic adjustment and energy supply, and increasing PAs accumulation when creeping bentgrass responds to salt stress.

scholarly journals Phytohormone Responses and Cell Viability during Salinity Stress in Two Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars Differing in Salt Tolerance

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanalkumar Krishnan ◽  
Emily B. Merewitz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Dead Cell ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
Cultivar Variation

Salinity stress is becoming more prevalent in turfgrass management with the increasing use of recycled water for irrigation. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is a cool-season turfgrass species that contains significant cultivar variation in salt stress tolerance, but the mechanism related to this cultivar variation is not well understood. Our objectives were to determine whether differential hormone content could play a role in cultivar variation of salt responses and to evaluate whether cell viability assays using dye techniques could differentiate salt stress damage levels in turfgrass species. Therefore, a growth chamber study with potted plants was conducted to evaluate salt ion concentrations, physiological responses, and hormone analysis [abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and ethylene] at 4, 8, and 12 dS·m−1 in relatively salt-tolerant ‘Mariner’ compared with salt-sensitive ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass. A hydroponics-based growth chamber study was performed for evaluation of whether dead-cell stains coupled with image analysis could be a quick method for indicating cell viability variation between cultivars. Greater salt tolerance was evident in ‘Mariner’ at 12 dS·m−1, which showed significantly lower electrolyte leakage, higher leaf relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential, photochemical efficiency, and photochemical yield compared with ‘Penncross’. A higher K+ and lower Na+ content was maintained in leaves of ‘Mariner’ compared with ‘Penncross’ while roots of ‘Mariner’ maintained higher Ca2+ content under stressed and nonstressed conditions. Phytohormone levels showed a decline in salt-stressed roots compared with nonstressed plants but ‘Mariner’ roots were able to maintain levels higher than ‘Penncross’. ‘Mariner’ leaves showed an increased accumulation of ABA, JA, SA, and ZR while roots maintained higher IAA and SA compared with ‘Penncross’. The results suggest that ‘Mariner’ was able to mitigate salt stress by better ion regulation and differential regulation of hormones compared with ‘Penncross’. ‘Mariner’ leaves and roots showed significantly lower dead cells compared with ‘Penncross’ under salt stress. The results suggest that staining for cell viability could be a useful technique for studying turfgrass stress or other cellular responses.

scholarly journals An endoplasmic reticulum–localized cytochrome b5 regulates high-affinity K+ transport in response to salt stress in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (50) ◽  
pp. e2114347118
Author(s):  
Tengzhao Song ◽  
Yiyuan Shi ◽  
Like Shen ◽  
Chengjuan Cao ◽  
Yue Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Cytochrome B5 ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Heme Binding ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
K Transport

Potassium (K+) is an essential element for growth and development in both animals and plants, while high levels of environmental sodium (Na+) represent a threat to most plants. The uptake of K+ from high-saline environments is an essential mechanism to maintain intracellular K+/Na+ homeostasis, which can help reduce toxicity caused by Na+ accumulation, thereby improving the salt tolerance of plants. However, the mechanisms and regulation of K+-uptake during salt stress remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified an endoplasmic reticulum–localized cytochrome b5 (OsCYB5-2) that interacted with a high-affinity K+ transporter (OsHAK21) at the plasma membrane. The association of OsCYB5-2 with the OsHAK21 transporter caused an increase in transporter activity by enhancing the apparent affinity for K+-binding but not Na+-binding. Heme binding to OsCYB5-2 was essential for the regulation of OsHAK21. High salinity directly triggered the OsHAK21–OsCYB5-2 interaction, promoting OsHAK21-mediated K+-uptake and restricting Na+ entry into cells; this maintained intracellular K+/Na+ homeostasis in rice cells. Finally, overexpression of OsCYB5-2 increased OsHAK21-mediated K+ transport and improved salt tolerance in rice seedlings. This study revealed a posttranslational regulatory mechanism for HAK transporter activity mediated by a cytochrome b5 and highlighted the coordinated action of two proteins to perceive Na+ in response to salt stress.

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