scholarly journals Polyamine Content Changes in Creeping Bentgrass Exposed to Salt Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingmei Ma ◽  
Emily Merewitz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Canopy Temperature Depression ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Salt stress is a major problem in turfgrass management. Investigation of metabolites, such as polyamines (PAs) that may improve salt tolerance of turfgrass species, is needed. Two independent growth chamber studies were conducted to evaluate physiological characteristics and changes in PAs, such as putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm), in response to salt stress in ‘Penncross’ and ‘PsgSLTZ’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). The study also aimed to determine a method of PA extraction to improve PA yields from creeping bentgrass. Salt solutions were drench applied to plants growing in pure sand daily in a stepwise manner for ≈70 days in both studies. For both cultivars, salt stress caused an increase in leaf Na+ content, percent of electrolyte leakage (EL), and canopy temperature depression (CTD) while it caused a decrease in turf quality (TQ), osmotic potential (Ψs), and K+ and Ca2+ content compared with controls. In the early stages of salt stress, Put content increased in salt-stressed plants compared with controls. Spd content did not change significantly while a transient increase in Spm was observed in the later stage of salt stress. The PA quantification method used in this study included using formic acid during the extraction process, which exhibited enhanced quantification of PAs from creeping bentgrass compared with other methods previously published. Salinity stress upregulated the content of Put and Spm in leaf tissue, which may be involved in salinity tolerance in creeping bentgrass, while Spd accumulation may not be a major salt tolerance mechanism; supplementation with these biochemical compounds could be an alternative to improve creeping bentgrass salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Polyamine Application Effects on Gibberellic Acid Content in Creeping Bentgrass during Drought Stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanalkumar Krishnan ◽  
Emily B. Merewitz
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Consistent Basis ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Polyamines (PAs), spermine (Spm), and spermidine (Spd) may enhance the abiotic stress tolerance and growth of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Growth chamber studies were conducted to investigate the effect of PA application on the physiological response and hormone content in creeping bentgrass ‘Penn-G2’ under drought. Spm (1 mm) and Spd (5 mm) were applied exogenously under drought or well-watered conditions. PA-treated plants maintained significantly higher turf quality (TQ), relative water content (RWC), photochemical efficiency, and membrane health while maintaining lower canopy temperature. Spm at the 1-mm rate had a 2.46-fold higher osmotic adjustment (OA) at 10 d compared with control plants. A greater content of gibberellic acid (GA) isoforms (GA1, GA4, and GA20) were observed compared with controls during both studies for PA-treated plants under drought. After 7 days of drought stress in Expt.1, GA1 levels were 3.26 higher for Spm 1-mm-treated plants compared with drought controls. GA4 contents were 69% and 65% higher compared with drought-stressed-untreated plants for Spd 5-mm application after 9 and 11 days. Higher levels of GA20 were observed at 10 days (Spd 5 mm, 108.9% higher) due to PA treatment compared with drought controls. In addition to differential regulation of GA isoforms, we observed enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) due to PA application; however, not on a consistent basis. This study showed that PA application may play a role in GA1, GA4, and ABA accumulation in creeping bentgrass ‘Penn G-2’ under drought stress.

scholarly journals Effect of salt stress on physiological response and leaf polyamine content in NERICA rice seedlings

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yamamoto ◽  
H. Sawada ◽  
I.S. Shim ◽  
K. Usui ◽  
S. Fujihara
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
West African ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
African Rice ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Vigorous Growth

NERICA is a new African rice variety, developed by the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) in 1990s. NERICA rice shows both vigorous growth and tolerance of stressors such as drought and disease. The purpose of this study was to clarify the physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress of NERICA rice seedlings. The degree of growth inhibition caused by salt stress was small in NERICA rice varieties as compared with japonica Nipponbare. Na accumulation in leaf blades was high in salt-sensitive varieties. Accumulation of proline, a known compatible solute, was also induced by salt stress, especially in salt-sensitive varieties; it was thought that this accumulation was brought on salt-stress injury. The contents of polyamines, especially spermidine, were high in the pre-stressed leaf blades of NERICA rice seedlings. After the salt-stress treatment, the polyamine content of leaf blades differed with the degree of salt tolerance of the NERICA rice seedlings. These results suggested that the salt tolerance of NERICA rice seedlings might be associated not only with the regulation of Na absorption and translocation but also with their ability to maintain leaf polyamine levels under salt-stress conditions.  

Identification of physiological ecotypes in Hordeum jubatum based on responses to salinity stress

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Y. Wang ◽  
C. G. Suhayda ◽  
R. E. Redmann
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum

Variability in salt tolerance of three populations of Hordeum jubatum was determined by analysis of growth parameters and ion relations of plants stressed with Na and Mg salts in solution culture experiments. Two populations from saline meadow habitats (Elstow and Floral) and one from a nonsaline site (University) were salinized with Na2SO4 and MgSO4 at Na:Mg molar ratios of 1:1 and 10:1. Elstow and Floral were more salt tolerant than University. University was more sensitive to the high Mg salt stress (Na:Mg, 1:1) than the high Na salt stress (Na:Mg, 10:1). The leaf area, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio under high Mg salt stress, and the root dry weight under high Na salt stress were significantly less for University plants than for Elstow and Floral plants under equivalent conditions. The greater salt tolerance of the two saline populations was correlated with restriction of Na uptake, more efficient transfer of Ca to young leaves, and the restriction of Mg accumulation in leaf tissue. The results supply evidence for physiologically distinct ecotypes of H. jubatum and indicate that habitat-correlated differences in salt tolerance have evolved in populations of this grass species. Key words: ecotype, Hordeum jubatum, ion balance, magnesium sulphate, salt tolerance, sodium sulphate, soil–plant relations, soil salinity.

scholarly journals Chitosan regulates metabolic balance, polyamine accumulation, and Na+ transport contributing to salt tolerance in creeping bentgrass

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Geng ◽  
Zhou Li ◽  
Muhammad Jawad Hassan ◽  
Yan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Gaba Accumulation

Abstract Background Chitosan (CTS), a natural polysaccharide, exhibits multiple functions of stress adaptation regulation in plants. However, effects and mechanism of CTS on alleviating salt stress damage are still not fully understood. Objectives of this study were to investigate the function of CTS on improving salt tolerance associated with metabolic balance, polyamine (PAs) accumulation, and Na+ transport in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Results CTS pretreatment significantly alleviated declines in relative water content, photosynthesis, photochemical efficiency, and water use efficiency in leaves under salt stress. Exogenous CTS increased endogenous PAs accumulation, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities, and sucrose accumulation and metabolism through the activation of sucrose synthase and pyruvate kinase activities, and inhibition of invertase activity. The CTS also improved total amino acids, glutamic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation. In addition, CTS-pretreated plants exhibited significantly higher Na+ content in roots and lower Na+ accumulation in leaves then untreated plants in response to salt stress. However, CTS had no significant effects on K+/Na+ ratio. Importantly, CTS enhanced salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathways and also up-regulated the expression of AsHKT1 and genes (AsNHX4, AsNHX5, and AsNHX6) encoding Na+/H+ exchangers under salt stress. Conclusions The application of CTS increased antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby reducing oxidative damage to roots and leaves. CTS-induced increases in sucrose and GABA accumulation and metabolism played important roles in osmotic adjustment and energy metabolism during salt stress. The CTS also enhanced SOS pathway associated with Na+ excretion from cytosol into rhizosphere, increased AsHKT1 expression inhibiting Na+ transport to the photosynthetic tissues, and also up-regulated the expression of AsNHX4, AsNHX5, and AsNHX6 promoting the capacity of Na+ compartmentalization in roots and leaves under salt stress. In addition, CTS-induced PAs accumulation could be an important regulatory mechanism contributing to enhanced salt tolerance. These findings reveal new functions of CTS on regulating Na+ transport, enhancing sugars and amino acids metabolism for osmotic adjustment and energy supply, and increasing PAs accumulation when creeping bentgrass responds to salt stress.

scholarly journals Phytohormone Responses and Cell Viability during Salinity Stress in Two Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars Differing in Salt Tolerance

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanalkumar Krishnan ◽  
Emily B. Merewitz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Dead Cell ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
Cultivar Variation

Salinity stress is becoming more prevalent in turfgrass management with the increasing use of recycled water for irrigation. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is a cool-season turfgrass species that contains significant cultivar variation in salt stress tolerance, but the mechanism related to this cultivar variation is not well understood. Our objectives were to determine whether differential hormone content could play a role in cultivar variation of salt responses and to evaluate whether cell viability assays using dye techniques could differentiate salt stress damage levels in turfgrass species. Therefore, a growth chamber study with potted plants was conducted to evaluate salt ion concentrations, physiological responses, and hormone analysis [abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and ethylene] at 4, 8, and 12 dS·m−1 in relatively salt-tolerant ‘Mariner’ compared with salt-sensitive ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass. A hydroponics-based growth chamber study was performed for evaluation of whether dead-cell stains coupled with image analysis could be a quick method for indicating cell viability variation between cultivars. Greater salt tolerance was evident in ‘Mariner’ at 12 dS·m−1, which showed significantly lower electrolyte leakage, higher leaf relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential, photochemical efficiency, and photochemical yield compared with ‘Penncross’. A higher K+ and lower Na+ content was maintained in leaves of ‘Mariner’ compared with ‘Penncross’ while roots of ‘Mariner’ maintained higher Ca2+ content under stressed and nonstressed conditions. Phytohormone levels showed a decline in salt-stressed roots compared with nonstressed plants but ‘Mariner’ roots were able to maintain levels higher than ‘Penncross’. ‘Mariner’ leaves showed an increased accumulation of ABA, JA, SA, and ZR while roots maintained higher IAA and SA compared with ‘Penncross’. The results suggest that ‘Mariner’ was able to mitigate salt stress by better ion regulation and differential regulation of hormones compared with ‘Penncross’. ‘Mariner’ leaves and roots showed significantly lower dead cells compared with ‘Penncross’ under salt stress. The results suggest that staining for cell viability could be a useful technique for studying turfgrass stress or other cellular responses.

Use of TEM in Plant Disease Diagnosis: A Xylem-Limited Bacterium Associated with Diseased ‘Toronto’ Creeping Bentgrass

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 414-415
Author(s):  
Karen K. Baker ◽  
David L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Plant Disease Diagnosis

Plant disease diagnosis is most often accomplished by examination of symptoms and observation or isolation of causal organisms. Occasionally, diseases of unknown etiology occur and are difficult or impossible to accurately diagnose by the usual means. In 1980, such a disease was observed on Agrostis palustris Huds. c.v. Toronto (creeping bentgrass) putting greens at the Butler National Golf Course in Oak Brook, IL.The wilting symptoms of the disease and the irregular nature of its spread through affected areas suggested that an infectious agent was involved. However, normal isolation procedures did not yield any organism known to infect turf grass. TEM was employed in order to aid in the possible diagnosis of the disease.Crown, root and leaf tissue of both infected and symptomless plants were fixed in cold 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in a 1:1 mixture of Spurrs and epon-araldite epoxy resins.

Salt tolerance of Glycyrrhiza inflata seedlings in Xinjiang and its ion response to salt stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Hui LU ◽  
Xin LÜ ◽  
Yong-Chao LIANG ◽  
Hai-Rong LIN
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Inflata

Genetic Potential for Salt Tolerance During Germination in Lycopersicon Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Foolad ◽  
G.Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wild Accession ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Stress Levels

Seed of 42 wild accessions (Plant Introductions) of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Jusl., 11 cultigens (cultivated accessions) of L. esculentum Mill., and three control genotypes [LA716 (a salt-tolerant wild accession of L. pennellii Corr.), PI 174263 (a salt-tolerant cultigen), and UCT5 (a salt-sensitive breeding line)] were evaluated for germination in either 0 mm (control) or 100 mm synthetic sea salt (SSS, Na+/Ca2+ molar ratio equal to 5). Germination time increased in response to salt-stress in all genotypes, however, genotypic variation was observed. One accession of L. pimpinellifolium, LA1578, germinated as rapidly as LA716, and both germinated more rapidly than any other genotype under salt-stress. Ten accessions of L. pimpinellifolium germinated more rapidly than PI 174263 and 35 accessions germinated more rapidly than UCT5 under salt-stress. The results indicate a strong genetic potential for salt tolerance during germination within L. pimpinellifolium. Across genotypes, germination under salt-stress was positively correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) with germination in the control treatment. The stability of germination response at diverse salt-stress levels was determined by evaluating germination of a subset of wild, cultivated accessions and the three control genotypes at 75, 150, and 200 mm SSS. Seeds that germinated rapidly at 75 mm also germinated rapidly at 150 mm salt. A strong correlation (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) existed between the speed of germination at these two salt-stress levels. At 200 mm salt, most accessions (76%) did not reach 50% germination by 38 days, demonstrating limited genetic potential within Lycopersicon for salt tolerance during germination at this high salinity.

scholarly journals Characterization of Interactions between the Soybean Salt-Stress Responsive Membrane-Intrinsic Proteins GmPIP1 and GmPIP2

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1312
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Weicong Qi ◽  
Haiying Lu ◽  
Hongbo Shao ◽  
Dayong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Constitutive Overexpression ◽  
Important Trait

Salt tolerance is an important trait in soybean cultivation and breeding. Plant responses to salt stress include physiological and biochemical changes that affect the movement of water across the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) localize to the plasma membrane and regulate the water and solutes flow. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR and yeast two-hybridization were engaged to analyze the early gene expression profiles and interactions of a set of soybean PIPs (GmPIPs) in response to salt stress. A total of 20 GmPIPs-encoding genes had varied expression profiles after salt stress. Among them, 13 genes exhibited a downregulated expression pattern, including GmPIP1;6, the constitutive overexpression of which could improve soybean salt tolerance, and its close homologs GmPIP1;7 and 1;5. Three genes showed upregulated patterns, including the GmPIP1;6 close homolog GmPIP1;4, when four genes with earlier increased and then decreased expression patterns. GmPIP1;5 and GmPIP1;6 could both physically interact strongly with GmPIP2;2, GmPIP2;4, GmPIP2;6, GmPIP2;8, GmPIP2;9, GmPIP2;11, and GmPIP2;13. Definite interactions between GmPIP1;6 and GmPIP1;7 were detected and GmPIP2;9 performed homo-interaction. The interactions of GmPIP1;5 with GmPIP2;11 and 2;13, GmPIP1;6 with GmPIP2;9, 2;11 and GmPIP2;13, and GmPIP2;9 with itself were strengthened upon salt stress rather than osmotic stress. Taken together, we inferred that GmPIP1 type and GmPIP2 type could associate with each other to synergistically function in the plant cell; a salt-stress environment could promote part of their interactions. This result provided new clues to further understand the soybean PIP–isoform interactions, which lead to potentially functional homo- and heterotetramers for salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome profiling reveal metabolic mechanisms of Nitraria sibirica Pall. to salt stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanyong Li ◽  
Xiaoqian Tang ◽  
Xiuyan Yang ◽  
Huaxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Extracellular Region ◽  
Nitraria Sibirica

AbstractNitraria sibirica Pall., a typical halophyte that can survive under extreme drought conditions and in saline-alkali environments, exhibits strong salt tolerance and environmental adaptability. Understanding the mechanism of molecular and physiological metabolic response to salt stress of plant will better promote the cultivation and use of halophytes. To explore the mechanism of molecular and physiological metabolic of N. sibirica response to salt stress, two-month-old seedlings were treated with 0, 100, and 400 mM NaCl. The results showed that the differentially expressed genes between 100 and 400 mmol L−1 NaCl and unsalted treatment showed significant enrichment in GO terms such as binding, cell wall, extemal encapsulating structure, extracellular region and nucleotide binding. KEGG enrichment analysis found that NaCl treatment had a significant effect on the metabolic pathways in N. sibirica leaves, which mainly including plant-pathogen interaction, amino acid metabolism of the beta alanine, arginine, proline and glycine metabolism, carbon metabolism of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, galactose, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and spliceosome. Metabolomics analysis found that the differential metabolites between the unsalted treatment and the NaCl treatment are mainly amino acids (proline, aspartic acid, methionine, etc.), organic acids (oxaloacetic acid, fumaric acid, nicotinic acid, etc.) and polyhydric alcohols (inositol, ribitol, etc.), etc. KEGG annotation and enrichment analysis showed that 100 mmol L−1 NaCl treatment had a greater effect on the sulfur metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism in N. sibirica leaves, while various amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, photosynthetic carbon fixation and sulfur metabolism and other metabolic pathways have been significantly affected by 400 mmol L−1 NaCl treatment. Correlation analysis of differential genes in transcriptome and differential metabolites in metabolome have found that the genes of AMY2, BAM1, GPAT3, ASP1, CML38 and RPL4 and the metabolites of L-cysteine, proline, 4-aminobutyric acid and oxaloacetate played an important role in N. sibirica salt tolerance control. This is a further improvement of the salt tolerance mechanism of N. sibirica, and it will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for treatment of saline-alkali soil and the cultivation of halophytes.

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