Exercise addiction: Links, risks and challenges faced

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s868-s869
Author(s):  
M. Lichtenstein ◽  
C.J. Hinze ◽  
B. Emborg ◽  
F. Thomsen ◽  
S.D. Hemmingsen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Excessive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Treatment Context

IntroductionExercise addiction is a condition described by a craving for physical training resulting in excessive exercise behaviour and withdrawal symptoms. It has not been accepted as a mental disorder and further research is needed to examine the pathology of the condition.ObjectivesExercise addiction is suggested to have links to other mental disorders and risks in terms of negative consequences such as injuries. Treatment for exercise addiction faces several challenges as the condition is associated with ambivalence, and studies based on controlled interventions are missing.AimsThe aim of this study was to examine and interpret the existing research on links, risks and challenges faced in treatment interventions.MethodsA literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus with the terms: “exercise addiction, excessive exercise” and/or “comorbidity, eating disorder, depression, anxiety, personality, pain, injury, illness, social isolation, stress, intervention, treatment”.ResultsExercise addiction seems to be associated with eating disorder pathology, obsessive-compulsive behaviour and personality traits characterized by perfectionism, narcissism and neuroticism. Overload injuries (e.g. stress fractures) and impaired interpersonal relations are reported. In a treatment context, low compliance is described as a challenge. Thus, motivational interviewing is recommended, and also cognitive behavioural therapy is suggested for treatment. None of these interventions have yet been scientifically evaluated in addicted exercisers.ConclusionThis review concludes that exercise addiction has links to psychopathology and increases the risk of injuries. More research is needed to estimate the level of psychosocial and physiological distress in these athletes. Controlled treatment interventions have to be conducted.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Exercise addiction: Identification and prevalence in physically active adolescents and young eating disordered patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S116-S117
Author(s):  
M. Lichtenstein ◽  
R.K. Støving
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Age Range

IntroductionExercise addiction is characterized by increasing exercise amounts, withdrawal symptoms and lack of control. Eating disorders and exercise addiction often appear together, but only eating disorders are recognized as diagnoses. However, exercise addiction can exist independently from eating disorders and can be as harmful as any other addictive behavior.ObjectivesThe Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is useful to identify exercise addiction symptoms in adults and prevalence rates of 3–10% have been found. But a scale for adolescents does not yet exist even though behavioral addictions seem to be more prevalent among young people.AimsTo develop an instrument for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents and to estimate the prevalence and negative consequences.MethodsWe developed a Youth version of the EAI and screened 383 adolescents in sport settings and 69 patients from an eating disorder department (age range 11–20 years).ResultsThe psychometric properties of the scale were good (Cronbachs alpha 0.71). The prevalence of exercise addiction was 5.5% in adolescents in sport settings and 21.2% in eating disorder patients. We found a positive linear relationship between EAI-score and “high weekly exercise amounts” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “the tendency to exercise in spite of injury” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “feelings of guilt when not exercising” (r = 0.5, P = 0.00), “reduced sport performance related to overtraining” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00), and “food dominating life” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00).ConclusionsOn basis of this study, we recommend the EAI-Y for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents. Early identification is important since it can prevent excessive and obsessive exercise, injuries, reduced sport performance and eating disorder pathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Added to Pharmacotherapy in Patients Suffering from Pharmacoresistant Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S643-S644
Author(s):  
J. Vyskocilova ◽  
J. Prasko ◽  
J. Sipek ◽  
M. Slepecky
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Somatoform Dissociation ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Intensive Group

BackgroundThe objective of investigation was to determine whether patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) resistant to drug therapy may improve their condition using intensive, systematic cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) lasting six weeks and whether it is possible to predict treatment outcome using clinical and selected psychological characteristics.MethodFrom 66 OCD patients fifty-seven completed program. The diagnosis was confirmed using the structured mini international neuropsychiatric Interview. Patients were rated using the objective and subjective forms of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), objective and subjective forms of the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), dissociative experiences scale, 20-item Somatoform dissociation questionnaire and sheehan disability scale before treatment, and with subjective Y-BOCS, objective and subjective CGI, BAI and BDI at the end of treatment. Patients were treated with antidepressants and daily intensive group CBT for six weeks.ResultsDuring 6-week intensive CBT program in combination with pharmacotherapy, there was significant improvement in patients suffering from OCD resistant to drug treatment. There were statistically significantly decreased scores of scales assessing severity of OCD symptoms, anxiety, and depressive feelings. A lower treatment effect was achieved specifically in patients who (a) showed fewer OCD themes in symptomatology, (b) showed higher level of somatoform dissociation, (c) had poor insight and (d) had a higher initial level of overall severity of the disorder. Remission of the disorder was more likely in patients who (a) had good insight, (b) had a lower initial level of anxiety and (c) had no comorbid depressive disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Excessive Exercise—A Meta-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Colledge ◽  
Robyn Cody ◽  
Ursula G. Buchner ◽  
André Schmidt ◽  
Uwe Pühse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Excessive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Critical Appraisal Skills

Background and Aims: While a number of studies have reported on individuals who exercise excessively, and feel unable to stop despite negative consequences, there is still insufficient evidence to categorize exercise as an addictive disorder. The aim of this meta-review is to summarize the published articles and to compile a list of symptoms reported in the qualitative literature in conjunction with excessive exercise. This list is compared with the DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder, and initial diagnostic criteria for exercise addiction are suggested.Methods: The databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for qualitative studies or case reports, in which excessive exercise was the main focus. All symptoms reported in conjunction with excessive exercise were extracted from each study and documented. Symptoms were also compared to the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder.Results: Seventeen studies were included in the review, yielding 56 distinct symptoms. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool showed that the majority of the studies were of acceptable quality. Exercise-related symptoms corresponded with seven of the nine DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder. The ten suggested criteria for exercise addiction are: increasing volume, negative affect, inability to reduce, preoccupation, exercise as coping, continuation despite illness/injury, minimization, jeopardized relationships, continuation despite recognizing consequences, guilt when exercise is missed.Discussion: Our results suggest that excessive exercise may constitute a behavioral addiction, based on the criteria of the DSM-5.Conclusions: Subsequent studies should aim to systematically classify symptoms of excessive exercise; in addition, it should be noted that basic questionnaires may be need to be supplemented with detailed clinical examinations.

Hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S350-S350
Author(s):  
F. De la Torre Brasas ◽  
A. Duque Domínguez ◽  
N. Echeverría Hernández ◽  
M.D.M. Lázaro Redondo ◽  
C. García Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Tic Disorder ◽  
Hoarding Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Apparent Reason ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionHoarding disorder is described in the DSM-5 as a new clinical entity whose essential characteristic is the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, arguing reasons of utility, aesthetics, attachment or strong fear of losing Information.ObjectivesWe present the case of an 11-year-old male patient brought to the Health Mental office when his mother found in the school bag debris that he had collected from the garbage, and useless objects in a bedroom drawer. The patient recognizes the nonsense of his behaviour but is unable to get rid of these objects but he allows his mother to do it. He had lowered school performance and showed irritable, shy and solitary, difficulties to sleep and cried often without apparent reason. They also noted since six months before, strange movements with the neck and eyes.MethodsAfter ruling out, underlying organic pathology, we started treatment with sertraline 50 mg, aripiprazole 2.5 mg and cognitive behavioural therapy, with complete disappearance of symptoms including the movement disorder.ResultsObsessive compulsive disorder 300.3 (F42); Hoarding disorder 300.3 (F42); Provisional Tic disorder 307.21 (F95.0).ConclusionsHoarding behaviour of strange objects is very unusual in Hoarding Disorder but more common in the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In this case report, we consider the possibility of both disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Ect Combined with Clomipramine and rTMS in an OCD Patient with Secondary Severe Depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S642-S642
Author(s):  
D. Mota ◽  
F. Almeida ◽  
A. Oliveira ◽  
J. Silva ◽  
M. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
In The Beginning

IntroductionObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has high rates of comorbidity with mood disorders, mainly major depressive disorder (MDD). Symptoms of depression are usually secondary to severe and disabling OCD. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been an effective and well tolerated therapeutic alternative in the management of refractory MDD. Other neuromodulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have well known efficacy in MDD and also have shown positive results, in clinical trials, treating other psychiatric disorders such as OCD.Objectives/aimsTo determine the efficacy of combining rTMS, ECT and clomipramine in the treatment of severe OCD with comorbid severe MDD.MethodsThe authors report a case of a 54-year-old male patient diagnosed with severe OCD for 23 years. He has been submitted to several drug treatments and intensive cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) always with poor response. The patient was admitted in the beginning of 2016 in our inpatient unit. Besides continuing drug treatment (clomipramine IV) and CBT, he was submitted to 12 ECT sessions during one month (3 sessions per week) and to daily sessions of rTMS during the following month.Outcome measures were obtained using Y-BOCS for OCD and HAM-D for depression.ResultsOur patient responded to ECT with mood improvement after session 4 to full euthymic state at the final session. He also responded well to rTMS with Y-BOCS score reduction.ConclusionCombined ECT and rTMS treatment with clomipramine IV and CBT was effective in our patient with a severe form of both disorders (OCD and MDD).Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Adjuvant treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder with memantine: A case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S201-S202
Author(s):  
D. Mota ◽  
A. Oliveira ◽  
J. Silva ◽  
M. Fernandes ◽  
J. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionOCD could be a very disabling condition, implying severe impairment of social and occupational functioning and decreased quality of life. OCD is treated with a combination of psychopharmacological treatments and cognitive-behavioural therapy. Clomipramine was the first anti-obsessive drug, and was followed by selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), both modulating serotoninergic transmission. Low dose atypical anti-psychotic are sometimes used to potentiate serotoninergic agents. Growing evidence based on animal models and on neuroimaging shows that glutamatergic transmission could play an important role in the aetiology of OCD. Therefore, glutamate modulators such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists became the focus of the search of novel treatments for OCD. One of this drugs, memantine, already approved for Alzheimer disease treatment, was used off-label the first time ten years ago in resistant case of OCD with positive results. Besides some further successful case reports, there are a single-blind case control study and a couple of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showing improvement of OCD symptoms with memantine adjuvant pharmacotherapy.Objectives and aimsTo describe a case report of off-label treatment of a severe resistant case of OCD with memantine, after 15 weeks of treatment.MethodsLiterature review and case description. Before beginning treatment with memantine, the patient made a psychological assessement (baseline) with a battery of tests (MINI Plus, Y-BOCS, QPP-15, WDQ, ECPAD, OP2, OAS2, MPS-H&F, MPS-F, HEXACO-PI-R, MOCI, BDI-II). This battery will be repeated after 15 weeks of treatment, to evaluate symptom improvement.Results and conclusionsTo be announced after 15 weeks of treatment course.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document