scholarly journals Excessive Exercise—A Meta-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Colledge ◽  
Robyn Cody ◽  
Ursula G. Buchner ◽  
André Schmidt ◽  
Uwe Pühse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Excessive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Meta Review ◽  
Critical Appraisal Skills

Background and Aims: While a number of studies have reported on individuals who exercise excessively, and feel unable to stop despite negative consequences, there is still insufficient evidence to categorize exercise as an addictive disorder. The aim of this meta-review is to summarize the published articles and to compile a list of symptoms reported in the qualitative literature in conjunction with excessive exercise. This list is compared with the DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder, and initial diagnostic criteria for exercise addiction are suggested.Methods: The databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for qualitative studies or case reports, in which excessive exercise was the main focus. All symptoms reported in conjunction with excessive exercise were extracted from each study and documented. Symptoms were also compared to the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder.Results: Seventeen studies were included in the review, yielding 56 distinct symptoms. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool showed that the majority of the studies were of acceptable quality. Exercise-related symptoms corresponded with seven of the nine DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder. The ten suggested criteria for exercise addiction are: increasing volume, negative affect, inability to reduce, preoccupation, exercise as coping, continuation despite illness/injury, minimization, jeopardized relationships, continuation despite recognizing consequences, guilt when exercise is missed.Discussion: Our results suggest that excessive exercise may constitute a behavioral addiction, based on the criteria of the DSM-5.Conclusions: Subsequent studies should aim to systematically classify symptoms of excessive exercise; in addition, it should be noted that basic questionnaires may be need to be supplemented with detailed clinical examinations.

scholarly journals Psychometric Evaluation of the NORC Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) for the Assessment of DSM-5 Gambling Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad W. Brazeau ◽  
David C. Hodgins
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Gambling Problem ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Diagnostic Threshold ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Problem Severity

Abstract The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) is one of the most used outcome measures in gambling intervention trials. However, a screen based on DSM-5 gambling disorder criteria has yet to be developed or validated since the DSM-5 release in 2013. This omission is possibly because the criteria for gambling disorder only underwent minor changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5: the diagnostic threshold was reduced from 5 to 4 criteria, and the illegal activity criterion was removed. Validation of a measure that captures these changes is still warranted. The current study examined the psychometric properties of an online self-report past-year adaptation of the NODS based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder. Additionally, the new NODS was evaluated for how well it identifies ICD-10 pathological gambling. A diverse sample of participants (N = 959) was crowdsourced via Amazon’s TurkPrime. Internal consistency and one-week test-retest reliability were good. High correlations (r = .74–.77) with other measures of gambling problem severity were observed in addition to moderate correlations (r = .21–.36) with related but distinct constructs (e.g., gambling expenditures, time spent gambling, other addictive behaviours). All nine of the DSM-5 criteria loaded positively on one principal component, which accounted for 40% of the variance. Classification accuracy (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, predictive power) was generally very good with respect to the PGSI and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Future validation studies are encouraged to establish a gold standard measurement of gambling problem severity.

scholarly journals A Comparison of DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Gambling Disorder in a Large Clinical Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Jiménez-Murcia ◽  
Roser Granero ◽  
Fernando Fernández-Aranda ◽  
Anne Sauvaget ◽  
Andreas Fransson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Dsm Iv

scholarly journals On Perception and Consciousness in HPPD: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter J. Vis ◽  
Anneke E. Goudriaan ◽  
Bastiaan C. ter Meulen ◽  
Jan Dirk Blom
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Original Case ◽  
Nosological Entity ◽  
Psychedelic Drug

Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) features as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5, ICD-11, and other major classifications, but our knowledge of the phenomenology of the perceptual symptoms involved and the changes in consciousness during the characteristic “flashbacks” is limited. We systematically evaluated original case reports and case series on HPPD to define its phenomenology, associated (psycho)pathology, and course. Our search of PubMed and Embase yielded 66 relevant publications that described 97 people who, together, experienced 64 unique symptoms of HPPD. Of these, 76% concerned symptoms characteristic of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, over 50% non-visual symptoms, and 38% perceptual symptoms not clearly linked to prior intoxication states. This is in contrast with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for HPPD. Even though less than half of the patients showed a protracted disease course of over a year, a third achieved remission. However, in patients with co-occurring depression (with or without anxiety) HPPD symptoms persisted longer and treatment outcomes were more often negative. Thus, unlike the acute stages of psychedelic drug intoxication, which may be accompanied by altered states of consciousness, HPPD is rather characterized by changes in the content of consciousness and an attentional shift from exogenous to endogenous phenomena. Since HPPD is a more encompassing nosological entity than suggested in the DSM-5, we recommend expanding its diagnostic criteria. In addition, we make recommendations for clinical practice and future research.

scholarly journals Reliability, Validity, and Classification Accuracy of the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Gambling Disorder and Comparison to DSM-IV

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Stinchfield ◽  
John McCready ◽  
Nigel E. Turner ◽  
Susana Jimenez-Murcia ◽  
Nancy M. Petry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Dsm Iv

Exercise addiction: Links, risks and challenges faced

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s868-s869
Author(s):  
M. Lichtenstein ◽  
C.J. Hinze ◽  
B. Emborg ◽  
F. Thomsen ◽  
S.D. Hemmingsen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Excessive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Treatment Context

IntroductionExercise addiction is a condition described by a craving for physical training resulting in excessive exercise behaviour and withdrawal symptoms. It has not been accepted as a mental disorder and further research is needed to examine the pathology of the condition.ObjectivesExercise addiction is suggested to have links to other mental disorders and risks in terms of negative consequences such as injuries. Treatment for exercise addiction faces several challenges as the condition is associated with ambivalence, and studies based on controlled interventions are missing.AimsThe aim of this study was to examine and interpret the existing research on links, risks and challenges faced in treatment interventions.MethodsA literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus with the terms: “exercise addiction, excessive exercise” and/or “comorbidity, eating disorder, depression, anxiety, personality, pain, injury, illness, social isolation, stress, intervention, treatment”.ResultsExercise addiction seems to be associated with eating disorder pathology, obsessive-compulsive behaviour and personality traits characterized by perfectionism, narcissism and neuroticism. Overload injuries (e.g. stress fractures) and impaired interpersonal relations are reported. In a treatment context, low compliance is described as a challenge. Thus, motivational interviewing is recommended, and also cognitive behavioural therapy is suggested for treatment. None of these interventions have yet been scientifically evaluated in addicted exercisers.ConclusionThis review concludes that exercise addiction has links to psychopathology and increases the risk of injuries. More research is needed to estimate the level of psychosocial and physiological distress in these athletes. Controlled treatment interventions have to be conducted.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Childhood onset exercise addiction or atypical anorexia nervosa during Covid-19: case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. McNicholas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Excessive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Daily Schedule ◽  
Atypical Anorexia Nervosa

Abstract Background Childhood-onset Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is recognised to be atypical in presentation, both in terms of extent and nature of eating pathology, exercise and compensatory behaviours with many falling short of full diagnostic criteria. Failure to consider an eating disorder diagnosis in youth who present with extreme weight loss may have serious immediate and long term implications. However, failure to consider other non-organic causes of weight loss may be equally detrimental to the child’s health. Case presentation This case reports on the acute presentation of a 12-year old boy, who presented to hospital in a severely malnourished state eight weeks into lockdown. To compensate for Covid-19 induced restrictions on sporting activity, this boy had followed a self-imposed daily schedule of arduous exercise, without increasing his nutritional intake. This report examines the clinical features suggestive of AN and other differential diagnosis. A discussion on the specific diagnostic differential of exercise addiction and challenges faced by youth during Covid-19 restrictions are presented. Conclusion Accepting that AN may present atypically in pre-pubertal youth, it is important that clinicians maintain an open mind in youth presenting without goal directed weight loss. Although weight loss was significant in this case, it was due to an excessive exercise regime. This may have commenced as a coping strategy in response to Covid-19 restrictions but subsequently became excessive and impairing in nature. The collateral damage of Covid-19 mandated restrictions, aimed at containing the spread of the virus, are evident in this case. Clinicians need to be alert to potentially maladaptive coping strategies and unusual or altered pathways of presentation, especially in younger children during these challenging times.

scholarly journals Η ψυχομετρική αξιολόγηση μίας κλίμακας για την εκτίμηση της διαταραχής από τη συμμετοχή σε τυχερά παίγνια

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Αναστάσιος Λ. Βάσιος ◽  
Πέτρος Λ. Ρούσσος
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study was the adaptation and reliability control of the, paraphrased instrument, Greek version of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder, in order to be a tool in clinical and epidemiological studies conducted in Greece. The questionnaire includes nine (9) questions. The respondent selects an answer, either yes or no, and the score is calculated by summing up the individual scores of the questions. The overall result (score) theoretically ranges from zero to nine (0-9) and the criteria are of equal weight. Occurrence of the criteria will relate to the period of the last twelve months. Randomly selected samples were used in this study: a) the general population b) online gamblers, and c) Gambler’s Anonymous. Patients and people in the general population, completed the survey questionnaire [this questionnaire included demographic characteristics and the Greek version of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder]. The psychometric tests applied included a) consistency of the questionnaire (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha 0.877 for group Α, for group B 0.866, for group C 0.946 and omega 0,89, 95% CI [0,85, 0,91] for group Α, 0,88, 95% CI [0,85, 0,90] for group Β, 0,96, 95% CI [0,96, 0,98] for group C . a) The total for all samples is 0.914 and 0,92, respectively, b) the Factor analysis of the scale’s structure highlighted one component and c) according the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) the factors loadings were all significant (p < .001), ranging from .623 to .855. The scale confirmed good psychometric properties for the Greek population. Ιn conclusion, the Greek version of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder provide us with valuable insights.

Associations between recovery capital, spirituality, and DSM–5 symptom improvement in gambling disorder.

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belle Gavriel-Fried ◽  
Tania Moretta ◽  
Marc N. Potenza
Keyword(s):  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Recovery Capital
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